“050810”苏中局部特大暴雨多普勒天气雷达资料分析

本文分析2005-08-10苏中地区出现局部特大暴雨期间的南通多普勒天气雷达资料，结合天气形势和数值预报产品，给出相似时段、相似天气条件下利用多普勒天气雷达6min图像资料，做好突发性、灾害性天气临近预报服务的注意点。     

Influence of drizzle on Z–M relationships in warm clouds

This paper addresses the sensitivity of the relationships between radar reflectivity (Z) and liquid water content (M) for liquid water clouds to microphysical drizzle parameters by means of simulated radar observation at a frequency of 3 GHz of modeled cumulus clouds. A power law relationship for non drizzling clouds with water content as high as 3 gm^− 3: Z_c = 0.026 M_c^1.61 is numerically derived and agreed with previous empirical relationships relative to cumulus and stratocumulus. This relationship is then used to explore the influence of drizzle on the correlation between radar reflectively and water content. Due to their large diameters with respect to cloud droplets, drizzle sized drops dominate radar reflectivity but do not carry the cloud water content so that reflectivity and liquid water content are expected to be not correlated in clouds containing drizzle. It is shown that for congestus or extreme congestus cumuli, microphysical conditions for which the Z_c–M_c relationship can be used with a tolerance of 5 and 10% are provided whereas for humilis or mediocris cumuli, the presence of drizzle breaks down the Z_c–M_c relationship whatever the situations.     

Microwave links: The future for urban rainfall measurement?

Microwave links are ideally suited to the urban environment, since there are many suitable vandal-free locations to which the receiver and transmitter can be attached. A signal sent along a link is received with reduced power as a consequence of scattering and absorption by intervening water droplets. Thus a measurement of the power loss can be transformed into a measure of total path rainfall. This paper discusses the requirements for the estimation process to be accurate. The paper presents results using a single frequency, together with the improved results from a dual-frequency link. Potential future applications of microwave links are presented.     

一个应用综合物探方法检测地下注浆效果的实例

地下注浆是工程加固、抢险中常用的方法之一。该文介绍了地质雷达法和瑞雷面波法的基本原理，通过实例分析说明，综合利用这两种方法可准确找到需要注浆的位置以及对注浆后浆液的分布情况进行无损检测。     

雷达和卫星资料在淮河流域暴雨实时数值预报试验中的应用

本文在前一工作「文献」基础上,将雷达和卫星资料计入ＰＳＵ／ＮＣＡＲ ＭＭ４中尺度数值模式,对１９９８年６月底和７月初的二次淮河流域暴雨过程,进行了帝时数值预报试验,结果表明,计入雷达和卫星资料的敏感性试验效果,比不计入该二种资料的控制试验有较好的明显的改进,文中还分析比较了控制试验（ＣＴＥ）和敏感试验（ＳＴＥ）每三小时的雨量和散度场,、垂直运动场及高度场的变化。结果显示,ＳＴＥ的雨量、产生暴雨的切变丝低涡系统以及散度和上升运动等的增强时间都比ＣＴＥ提前,因此,２４小时雨量与实况比较接近。     

水库坝体结构层的地质雷达高分辨率探测

水库坝体结构层形态复杂多变,缺陷隐蔽、规模小、探测难度大,为确保水库坝安全可靠地运行,采用高分辨率的物探方法对其探测是必需的。本文以某水库的地质雷达探测为例,简要介绍了地质雷达高分辨探测方法及其成果,为地质雷达技术在堤坝安全性可靠性评价中的推广应用提供了一个成功实例。     

探地雷达在公路质量无损检测中的应用研究

探地雷达是利用高频电磁波在地下介质中传播规律进行勘查和检测的一项现代高新技术,广泛地应用于灾害地质调查、公路工程质量的无损检测等浅层及超浅层工程地质勘查中。本文以探地雷达在公路工程质量无损检测中的应用为基础,简述其在该领域应用的方法原理,讨论了公路结构模型与探地雷达反射信号间的关系,最后给出应用实例,以说明该方法的应用效果。      

A multi‐source precipitation estimation approach to fill gaps over a radar precipitation field: a case study in the Colorado River Basin

The present work develops an approach to seamlessly blend satellite, available radar, climatological and gauge precipitation products to fill gaps in ground‐based radar precipitation field. To mix different precipitation products, the error of any of the products relative to each other should be removed. For bias correction, the study uses an ensemble‐based method that aims to estimate spatially varying multiplicative biases in SPEs using a radar precipitation product. A weighted successive correction method (SCM) is used to make the merging between error corrected satellite and radar precipitation estimates. In addition to SCM, we use a combination of SCM and Bayesian spatial model for merging the rain gauges (RGs) and climatological precipitation sources with radar and SPEs. We demonstrated the method using a satellite‐based hydro‐estimator; a radar‐based, stage‐II; a climatological product, Parameter‐elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model and a RG dataset for several rain events from 2006 to 2008 over an artificial gap in Oklahoma and a real radar gap in the Colorado River basin. Results show that: the SCM method in combination with the Bayesian spatial model produced a precipitation product in good agreement with independent measurements. The study implies that using the available radar pixels surrounding the gap area, RG, Parameter‐elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model and satellite products, a radar‐like product is achievable over radar gap areas that benefit the operational meteorology and hydrology community. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

C波段调频连续波天气雷达探测系统及观测试验

对降水云更高时、空分辨率观测资料的需求推动了天气雷达技术的发展,调频连续波雷达(FMCW)系统采用收发分置双天线体制,采用数字直接移相(DDS)技术和快速傅里叶变换(FFT)信号处理技术,获取高度分辨率达到15、30 m,探测周期2—3 s的回波功率谱分布和谱参数,具有脉冲多普勒雷达无法比拟的探测优势。C波段FMCW(C-FMCW)雷达最小可测信号功率达到-170 dBm,微弱信号的定量标校是技术难点。采用标准信号源输出单频信号,经过数字直接移相扩展为与雷达系统相同扫频范围信号,得到最小输入功率可达-169.77 dBm的定标曲线,由定量标校后的谱分布计算得到回波强度谱密度分布。该雷达于2013年6月起在安徽定远开始观测,利用8月24日降水过程探测数据,与距离该地48 km的蚌埠和83 km的合肥SA扫描雷达观测数据,分别进行对流云与层状云的观测比对分析。对于均匀分布的层状降水云,C-FMCW雷达与SA雷达探测结果基本接近, C-FMCW雷达与蚌埠SA雷达的平均均方根误差为1.75 dB,与合肥SA雷达的平均均方根误差为2.02 dB,C-FMCW雷达与两部SA雷达探测的回波强度差异小于1 dB。对观测试验谱参数及回波强度谱密度分布进行了初步分析,C-FMCW雷达在研究降水云体的相态分区、晴空大气边界层回波等方面有较好的应用前景,有助于加深对强降水云中垂直运动的强烈变化的探测和认识。     

雷达、闪电资料在典型雷暴单体中的应用

用闪电定位资料和雷达回波资料进行分析,即从雷达产品的4个参数与地闪频数的关系进行相关分析,分析结果表明:(1)反射率因子的回波面积大小和强回波中心的移动与闪电发生的时间、地点有很好的一致性。(2)闪电发生前最大回波顶高有明显的增大,闪电发生的位置和最大回波顶高的位置有很好的对应关系。(3)地闪频数的变化与VIL(垂直累积液态含水量)最大值的变化并不完全对应,但VIL最大值下降到25 kg/m2以下时,可以考虑作为雷暴消散的一个因子。VIL大值区的移动以及VIL大值区面积的变化与地闪频数的整体变化是一致的。(4)雷达VWP产品的无数据区破坏的时间提前于闪电的发生和地闪频数的增长,其恢复滞后于闪电消失。