混合式球面退化剖分模型的设计与编码

为了解决球面退化四叉树格网(DQG)模型孔径较大、格网单元面积分布不均匀以及三角格网单元应用不完全四叉树剖分的问题,通过控制单元面积的思路设计了一种格网单元孔径更小、分布更均匀的四边形(中低纬地区)与三角形(高纬地区)的混合格网模型——混合式球面退化格网模型(MSDG);并对所有格网单元利用四叉树进行编码。通过对格网单元的几何属性统计分析发现,该格网模型的几何属性与DQG模型相比,其单元面积变化更小、分布更加均匀稳定。     

A Sustainability Initiative to Quantify Carbon Sequestration by Campus Trees

Abstract

Over 3,900 trees on a university campus were inventoried by an instructor-led team of geography undergraduates in order to quantify the carbon sequestration associated with biomass growth. The setting of the project is described, together with its logistics, methodology, outcomes, and benefits. This hands-on project provided a team of students with several learning opportunities including an introduction to carbon sequestration, basic arboriculture, field-based measurements, mapping, geographic information systems, and biogeography concepts. A GIS geodatabase was produced containing information on tree location, species, size, biomass, carbon content, and annual CO₂ sequestration, which was later customized for integration into campus facilities management.     

Mapping rubber tree growth in mainland Southeast Asia using time-series MODIS 250 m NDVI and statistical data

Expanding global and regional markets are driving the conversion of traditional subsistence agricultural and occupied non-agricultural lands to commercial-agricultural purposes. In many parts of mainland Southeast Asia rubber plantations are expanding rapidly into areas where the crop was not historically found. Over the last several decades more than one million hectares of land have been converted to rubber trees in areas of China, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia and Myanmar, where rubber trees were not traditionally grown. This expansion of rubber plantations has replaced ecologically important secondary forests and traditionally managed swidden fields and influenced local energy, water and carbon fluxes. Accurate and up-to-date monitoring and mapping of rubber tree growth is critical to understanding the implications of this changing ecosystem. Discriminating rubber trees from second-growth forests and fallow land has proven challenging. Previous experiments using machine-learning approaches with hard classifications on remotely sensed data, when faced with the realities of a heterogeneous plant-life mixture and high intra-class variance, have tended to overestimate the areas of rubber tree growth. Our current research sought to: 1) to investigate the potential of using a Mahalanobis typicality model to deal with mixed pixels; and 2) to explore the potential for combining MOderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery with sub-national statistical data on rubber tree areas to map the distribution of rubber tree growth across this mainland Southeast Asia landscape. Our study used time-series MODIS Terra 16-day composite 250 m Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) products (MOD13Q1) acquired between March 2009 and May 2010. We used the Mahalanobis typicality method to identify pixels where rubber tree growth had the highest probability of occurring and sub-national statistical data on rubber tree growth to quantify the number of pixels of rubber tree growth mapped per administrative unit. We used Relative Operating Characteristic (ROC) and error matrix analysis, respectively, to assess the viability of Mahalanobis typicalities and to validate classification accuracy. High ROC values, over 0.8, were achieved with the Mahalanobis typicality images of both mature and young rubber trees. The proposed method greatly reduced the commission errors for the two types of rubber tree growth to 1.9% and 2.8%, respectively (corresponding to user’s accuracies of 98.1% and 97.2%, respectively). Results indicate that integrating Mahalanobis typicalities with MODIS time-series NDVI data and sub-national statistics can successfully overcome the earlier overestimation problem.     

树轮δ13C值方位分布及年际变化的普遍性研究——以中国东部亚热带地区为例

对采自中国东部亚热带地区的浙江天目山、江西庐山及江苏南京紫金山地区的金钱松(Pseudolarix kaemp feri)、冷杉(Abiesfab ricraib)及马尾松(Pinus massoniana)树轮,分别测定它们不同方位10 a、20 a及3 a树轮δ13C序列,探讨不同树种树轮δ13C存在的方位差异与年际变化普遍性。结果表明,在中国东部亚热带地区,树轮δ13C方位差异与年际变化存在普遍性。表现为3个地区、3个树种之间存在差异;同一地区不同树种及相同树种不同个体之间也存在差异;同一个体在相同年份存在方位差异及相同方位存在年际变化等;表明研究树轮δ13C的方位差异与研究其年际变化同样具有重要价值与意义。     

Using R for TL dating

Whilst optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) is commonly more suitable for sediment dating because of faster signal resetting, thermoluminescence (TL) remains important for dating burnt material, e.g. in archaeological contexts, or for studying the luminescence properties of different materials. A lack of user-optimized analysis software for TL data has exacerbated the decline of TL dating in comparison to OSL. However, exciting developments in TL dating of flint and calcite indicate a rise in application of this underused method.R is a programming language and environment for statistical computing and graphics. It provides a wide variety of statistical and graphical techniques and is highly extendable. A package specifically designed for luminescence data analysis is available. However, it mainly includes functions for the analysis of OSL data. The TLdating package is a new R package specifically dedicated to TL dating. This package is designed to be fully compatible with the existing Luminescence package and is user-friendly. It includes functions for TL data pretreatment and palaeodose estimation using the MAAD and the SAR protocols. The functionality of the TLdating package is evaluated using heated flints from Taibeh, Jordan.     

Differential stemflow yield from European beech saplings: the role of individual canopy structure metrics

Stemflow production is affected by a suite of biotic and abiotic factors. It has proven difficult to determine the importance of individual canopy structure metrics on stemflow production. The disentanglement of the role and importance of individual canopy structure metrics would advance our understanding of the dynamics of stemflow production. This work employed ten isolated (i.e. no overlapping crowns) experimental European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) saplings to examine the effects of various canopy structural metrics on stemflow production in east‐central Germany. The following canopy structural metrics were utilized in a hierarchical cluster analysis using Ward's method to separate the saplings into groups: primary branch count per unit projected crown area, secondary branch count per unit projected crown area, total branch count per unit projected crown area, mean branch inclination angle, minimum branch inclination angle, maximum branch inclination angle, total dry woody biomass per unit projected crown area, total foliar dry biomass per unit projected crown area and total dry biomass per unit projected crown area. Cluster group means revealed that saplings, which generate the largest stemflow yields, once controlled for sapling size, have straighter boles (but some trunk lean), more steeply inclined branches, a larger number of branches, more woody surface area and fewer numbers of leaves. Our results may prove valuable as a guide to researchers wishing to couple LiDAR and fine‐scale architectural models with the canopy metrics that govern stemflow to provide a better understanding of the canopy on the hydrology and biogeochemistry of forests. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

决策树算法在西藏遥感影像分类中的应用研究

将决策树算法引入到遥感影像分类中,以提高分类的精度。首先对影像进行预处理,然后利用C5.0算法在分析地物光谱特征、纹理特征、归一化植被指数的基础上,自动提取分类规则,构建决策树,实现地物的自动分类。为验证该算法的有效性,选取西藏某地区TM影像作为实验数据,与监督分类的精度进行对比,实验结果表明,决策树分类方法能取得较好的分类效果。     

一种新的XPNAV系统解整周模糊度搜索算法

提出了一种新的XPNAV系统解相位模糊度搜索算法,依据检核脉冲星的特征周期,将正确的模糊向量限定在多个子空间内,使用线性搜索寻找子空间种子向量,采用基于满二叉树的穷举搜索算法遍历子空间中向量,并建立向量间的关系。理论分析和仿真实验表明,新的解相位模糊度算法能显著降低系统的运算量,计算过程中的矩阵均是由脉冲星特征属性决定的常数矩阵,便于工程实现,此外二叉树搜索方法还能用于并行计算。     

边界谈判划界决策支持系统的设计与应用

边界谈判划界是一个重要而又复杂问题,结合了谈判划界业务流程;探讨了在GIS空间技术支持下,谈判划界系统各功能模块设计以及系统的数据设计,实现对谈判划界数据的有效管理,提供了划界辅助工具和资源评价分析工具,为谈判划界提供了决策支持.     

辅助边界谈判划界子系统设计及关键技术

边界谈判划界是一个重要而又复杂的问题,本文结合谈判划界业务流程,探讨了在GIS空间技术支持下,谈判划界系统各功能模块设计以及系统的数据设计,实现对谈判划界数据的有效管理,提供划界辅助工具和资源评价分析工具,为谈判划界提供决策支持.