A new metric for measuring structure-preserving capability of despeckling of SAR images

In this paper, a new metric called despeckling structure loss (DSL) is proposed for performance assessment of despeckling algorithms with a focus on the preservation of structural features such as edges and textures. The ratio image of a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image to its despeckled result can clearly indicate the loss of structural features caused by the despeckling process. By taking into account characteristics of the best and worst structure preservation in despeckling, the DSL metric examines the presence of structural features in ratio images by using local correlations between the ratio image and the noise-free reference image at edge points. The DSL is shown to be a monotonic function of structure loss bounded between the best and worst cases, leading an objective and quantitative measure of the structure-preserving capability of despeckling algorithms. Experimental evaluations of the proposed metric have been carried out on simulated SAR images including one generated by SAR raw signal simulator. Despeckled results using five typical algorithms clearly demonstrate the efficiency of the DSL metric. In comparison, the commonly used despeckling metrics including the signal-to-mean-square error ratio, the edge correlation index, the Pratt’s figure of merit, the structural similarity and the equivalent number of looks of ratio images, fail to keep a consistency with the structure loss shown in despeckled results as well as ratio images.     

GNSS坐标时间序列噪声特征分析

为了研究我国目前建立的连续运行参考网络（CORS）GNSS基准站的坐标时间序列噪声特征是否与国际领域研究的成果相符合,对江苏CORS网连续3年24个分布均匀的GNSS基准站的数据进行处理,利用GAMIT软件获取了各基准站的坐标时间序列,并利用CATS软件采用最大似然估计法对坐标时间序列的噪声特征进行了分析,结果表明：GNSS基准站坐标时间序列不仅包含白噪声,还包含有色噪声;GNSS基准站坐标时间序列在N、E、U方向的噪声类型并不完全一致,其中N、E方向的最佳噪声模型为“WH＋FN＋RWN”,U方向的最佳噪声模型为“WH＋FN”.     

西沙北部海域海洋环境噪声频谱特性

Ambient noise is very important in the prediction system of a sonar performance, because it determines the detection ranges always in a passive sonar and usually in an active sonar. In the uncertainty issue for the so-nar performance, it is necessary to know this factor＇s statistical characteristics that are only obtained by data processing from the underwater ambient noise measurements. Broad-band ambient noise signals from 16 hydrophones were amplified and recorded for 2 min every 1 h. The results show that the ambient noise is essentially depth independent. The cross correlation of the ambient noise levels （1, 6 and 12 h average） with a wind speed is presented. It was found that the correlation is excellent on the upper frequency band and the noise levels correlate better with high wind speed than with low wind speed.     

南极大磷虾声学调查数据噪声处理与资源评估

在中国第28次南极科学考察期间,利用“雪龙号”科考船载SIMRAD EK500（38kHz）科学渔探仪对南极半岛附近海域的南极大磷虾资源量进行了调查。原始声学数据经过信噪比估算和背景噪声剔除数据后处理方法剔除背景噪声以及手动剔除表面混响、海底反射和坏数据之后,在200 m以浅水层中,以1n mile间隔进行积分,并应用Matlab软件编程对积分结果进行后处理,得出调查海域中南极大磷虾的资源分布情况。结果表明：（1）“雪龙号”的平均噪声功率值为-146.47dB re 1W;(2)空白水体的噪声平均剔除百分比为88.3%;（3）调查区域内的南极大磷虾平均密度为27.30 g·m^-2（62.95 ind·m^-2）。     

地震背景噪声中Lg波的提取

以鄂、湘、粤地区27个宽频带测震台站2 a的连续波形数据为例,对单台每日的连续波形数据进行去除仪器响应、去趋势、去均值、剔除地震事件和干扰及滤波（2.5~8 s）处理后,在互相关叠加数据中识别出了清晰的Lg波。另外,尝试通过叠加时间长度校正及用双台双震源法对几何扩散、噪声源强度的方位角变化和场地效应进行校正,并计算Q值。研究结果表明,对传统的地震背景噪声数据处理方法作适当修改后,噪声互相关叠加数据中可以提取出Lg波。     

新冠疫情防控措施对新疆地区地球背景噪声影响分析

2020年7月中旬至8月下旬,新疆地区采取疫情防控措施。选取2020-06~2020-09新疆台网28个宽频带数字地震计的波形数据,获取相应的PSD（功率谱密度）和PDF（概率密度函数）,统计不同频段PSD值分布情况,分析疫情期间新疆地区噪声水平变化特征。结果显示,受新冠疫情的影响,乌鲁木齐地区高频段（2~20 Hz）噪声水平下降4.5%,其他地区也出现不同程度的降低,主要影响因素为人类活动的持续减少。同时,这种噪声减弱现象也由地表传达到地下。     

220kV变电站噪声源监测及评价方法探讨

针对目前变电站主要噪声源噪声特性及评价方法研究不充分的问题,对成都2个220k V的变电站的主要噪声源及厂界噪声进行十个频段的噪声监测,结果表明该噪声源属于稳态声源,呈中低频特性。主要噪声源中,变压器的风冷式散热方式对其本体噪声的中高频段有贡献。电抗器的高频噪声小,高压进出线的噪声与其负载电压相关。从变电站厂界监测结果来看,低频噪声污染较严重,采用目前中国以A计权网络为基础的评价方法并不合适。建议采用声级计计权法或低频A计权网络对厂界噪声进行评价,评价结果比A计权网络算法高约3~6d B和2~10d B,更符合人体主观感受。     

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Comparison of theoretical and experimental wall pressure wavenumber-frequency spectra for axisymmetric and flat-plate turbulent boundary layers

The measurement and analysis of turbulent boundary layer wall pressure fluctuations using a wavenumber filter of sensors provide quantitative knowledge of turbulence physics. In addition, the sources of flow-induced noise and vibration for towed SONAR arrays can be determined. An axisymmetric turbulent boundary layer can have significantly different features than those of a comparable flat-plate boundary layer. Here, a detailed comparison of the distribution of wall pressure energy in both wavenumber and frequency between flat-plate and thick axisymmetric boundary layers is presented. The background theory of wavenumber-frequency spectra and state-of-the-art models for flat-plate boundary layers are discussed. The widely used model of Chase (1987), valid for flat-plate boundary layers over a wide range of Reynolds numbers, is used and combined with a sensor response function to allow the effects of spatial averaging to be considered. It is demonstrated that when measured boundary layer parameters for the axisymmetric case are used in the Chase flat-plate model, the results accurately predict the axisymmetric boundary layer wall pressure measurements.     

Influence of cavity shape on hydrodynamic noise by a hybrid LES-FW-H method

The flow past various mechanical cavity, which is a common structure on the surface of the underwater vehicle, and generating hydrodynamic noise has attracted considerable attention in recent years. In this paper, a hybrid method is presented to investigate the hydrodynamic noise induced by mechanical cavities with various shapes. With this method, the noise sources in the near wall turbulences or in the wake are computed by the large eddy simulation (LES) and the generation and propagation of the acoustic waves are solved by the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) acoustic analogy method with acoustic source terms extracted from the time-dependent solutions of the unsteady flow. The feasibility and reliability of the current method was verified by comparing with experimental data (Wang, 2009). The 2D cavity models with different cross-section shapes and 3D cavity models with different cavity mouth shapes (rectangular and circular) are developed to study the influence of cavity shape on the hydrodynamic noise. By comparing the flow mechanisms, wall pressure fluctuations, near-field and far-field sound propagation distributions, it is found that the quadrangular cavity with equal depths of leading-edge and trailing-edge is preferred for its inducing lower hydrodynamic noise than the cylindrical cavity does.