排水和不排水条件下高温冻土松弛特性研究

为了探明排水条件对高温冻土应力松弛特性的影响,开展了室内松弛试验,研究了排水和不排水情况下高温冻土的应力松弛过程．结果表明：围压对高温冻土的松弛过程影响明显;不排水情况下,围压增大,松弛稳定历时延长,瞬时松弛量增大;松弛过程初期松弛速率受围压影响较大,而后逐渐减弱;排水情况下,松弛过程发展初期的松弛速率略高于不排水情况...     

Particle size effect on the saturation of methane hydrate in sediments – Constrained from experimental results

Except for those occurring at seafloor, most of natural gas hydrate form in sediments and are subject to the influence of sediment. Among these factors, the particle size effect on hydrate saturation level in sediment have been studied with a series of silica sands with various sizes, and the results obtained clearly indicate that particle size does play an important role in affecting the saturation level of hydrate in sediments. The proton relaxation times of water confined in the same series of silica sands, which were determined with NMR measurement, show logarithmic relationship with particle size. By comprehensive consideration of the results of hydrate saturation and water proton relaxation times, the particle size effect observed is tentatively explained by the water availability for hydrate formation in sediments.     

A heuristic examination of cohesive sediment bed exchange in turbulent flows

Prediction of the concentration of suspended cohesive sediment in the marine environment is constrained by difficulties in interpreting experimental evidence on bed exchange, i.e. erosion and deposition of particles, which remains sparse in mechanistic details. In this paper, conditions under which bed exchange in turbulent flows collectively determines the concentration of suspended matter have been examined in the heuristic sense based on selective experimental data. It is argued that interpretation of such data can be significantly facilitated when multi-class representation of particle size, collisional interaction between suspended particles and probabilistic representations of the bed shear stress along with variables describing particle behavior (critical shear stress for deposition, bed floc shear strength) are taken into account. Aggregation—floc growth and breakup kinetics—brings about shifts in the suspended particle size distribution; bed exchange is accordingly modulated and this in turn determines concentration dynamics. Probabilistic representation of the governing variables broadens the suspended sediment size spectrum by increasing the possibilities of inter-particle interactions relative to the mean-value representation. Simple models of bed exchange, which essentially rely on single-size assumption and mean-value representation of variables, overlook the mechanistic basis underpinning particle dynamics.     

Dielectric relaxation in oil-bearing clayey rocks

The dielectric properties of the bentonite–oil–salt solution mixtures with different water and oil saturation were experimentally studied in the frequency range of 10 kHz to 4 GHz at 25–60 °C. It has been established that besides the region of the Debye water relaxation, there are two more relaxation regions resulting from the interfacial interaction of the mixture components in this frequency range. To describe the dielectric permittivity and equivalent conductivity of the mixture, a spectroscopic model taking into account the multifrequency relaxation is proposed. The dependence of the model parameters on the water saturation and temperatures of the samples has been determined. The experimental data are compared with the modeling results, and the error of prediction for the dielectric permittivity and conductivity of mixture is estimated using the proposed model.     

Stress relaxation of warm frozen soil under drained or undrained conditions

To investigate the influence of drainage conditions on stress relaxation characteristics of warm frozen soil, a series of laboratory tests were carried out under drained and undrained conditions. The results indicate that confining pressure obviously influences the relaxation process of warm frozen soil. Under undrained condition, with increase in confining pressure, the critical relaxation duration tends to grow as well as instantaneous relaxation. But the relaxation rate is sensitive to confining pressure in the initial stage, and with further development, the effect tends to diminish. Under drained condition, the relaxation rate is greater than that under undrained condition in the initial stage but with the development of relaxation, the difference decreases. The volumetric deformation of warm frozen clay under drained condition is much larger than that under undrained condition.     

Long embankment failure accounting for longitudinal spatial variation – A probabilistic study

For long earth embankments or levees, it is of interest to investigate the slope failure mode in the longitudinal direction. However, this is less commonly discussed in comparison to the plane-strain failure mode. In this paper, the longitudinal failure mode of a long embankment consisting of homogeneous soils is examined. A probabilistic approach using the first-order reliability method (FORM) is adopted to consider the uncertainty of soil properties. In particular, the spatial variability of the undrained shear strength of the soil is modelled in the probabilistic analysis. Parametric studies are subsequently conducted to examine the influence of this soil characteristic on the failure mode of the long embankment.     

基于地震安全性评价的广东省地震危险性分析

地震安全性评价是防震减灾的重要措施之一。地震危险性分析是地震安全性评价的基础。论文利用安全性评价基本理论和方法对广东省的地震危险性进行分析。以广东省历史上发生的中强地震目录作为研究基础,分析了广东省的地质构造特点和断裂特点,划分潜在地震源、确定地震活动性参数,建立了地震发生概率模型,通过计算得出地震带的综合影响。研究结果表明广东省内具有发生7.5、 6.5、 6.0、 5.5级级段地震的发震条件,其中沿海地区是广东省中、强地震的主要发震区域。     

An efficient,high-order probabilistic collocation method on sparse grids for three-dimensional flow and solute transport in randomly heterogeneous porous media

In this study, a probabilistic collocation method (PCM) on sparse grids is used to solve stochastic equations describing flow and transport in three-dimensional, saturated, randomly heterogeneous porous media. The Karhunen–Loève decomposition is used to represent log hydraulic conductivity Y=ln_Ks$Y=\ln K_s$. The hydraulic head h   and average pore-velocity v$\mathbf{v}$ are obtained by solving the continuity equation coupled with Darcy’s law with random hydraulic conductivity field. The concentration is computed by solving a stochastic advection–dispersion equation with stochastic average pore-velocity v$\mathbf{v}$ computed from Darcy’s law. The PCM approach is an extension of the generalized polynomial chaos (gPC) that couples gPC with probabilistic collocation. By using sparse grid points in sample space rather than standard grids based on full tensor products, the PCM approach becomes much more efficient when applied to random processes with a large number of random dimensions. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations have also been conducted to verify accuracy of the PCM approach and to demonstrate that the PCM approach is computationally more efficient than MC simulations. The numerical examples demonstrate that the PCM approach on sparse grids can efficiently simulate solute transport in randomly heterogeneous porous media with large variances.     

一种强震概率预测方法

介绍了利用Logistic回归进行地震危险性概率预测方法，对以新西兰地区相同时间段内地震活动性b值和等地震个数所覆盖空间区域的半径r为例，讨论了地震活动性参数的变化和强震发生的概率关系。研究表明,该地区强震发生的概率总体上与强震发生前一年半时间窗内的地震活动性资料计算的b值呈正相关关系，与r值呈负相关关系。该方法可以推广应用于研究其他异常分布和强震的概率统计关系。     

Flux between soil and atmosphere, vertical concentration profiles in soil, and turnover of nitric oxide: 1. Measurements on a model soil core

A stainless steel soil corer which was filled with homogenized soil was used to measure the flux (J) of NO between soil and atmosphere and the vertical profile of the NO mixing ratios (m) in the soil atmosphere, both as function of the NO mixing ratio (mm _a ) in the atmosphere of the headspace. The NO emission flux decreased linearly with increasing NO mixing ratio and turned into a deposition flux after passage of the compensation point (m _c) at about 400 ppbv NO. Almost the same compensation point was obtained when the turnover of NO was measured in flask-incubated soil samples as function of the NO mixing ratio. The flux (J) of NO at the soil-atmosphere interface was calculated from the production rate (P) of NO and the NO uptake rate constant (k) that were measured in these flask-incubated soil samples using the diffusion model of Galbally and Johansson (1989). The calculated fluxes agreed within <15% with those actually measured. The vertical profiles of NO were fitted to an exponential function and analyzed by Fick's first law of diffusion. The shape of the profiles indicated a net production of NO in the upper 10 cm soil layer when the atmospheric NO mixing ratio was below the compensation point and in a net consumption of NO when the atmospheric NO mixing ratio was above the compensation point. In soil layers below 10 cm depth, the turnover of NO resulted in compensation of production and consumption rates. Measurement of the actual diffusion coefficient using SF₆ showed that gas transport in the soil core was not only due to molecular diffusion but in addition due to a bidirectional gas flow. The experimentally determined diffusion coefficient was smaller than that computed from soil porosities, but resulted together with the additional transport term in NO fluxes that were close (< ±15%) to those measured. This is the first comprehensive study of NO concentration profiles and turnover rates in soil providing a theoretical basis for modelling NO fluxes at the soil-atmosphere interface.