Evolution of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the isotope hydrology of a montane river basin

Abstract

Precipitation and streamwater were analysed weekly for δ¹⁸O in seven tributaries and five main stem sites of a 2100 km² catchment; >60% of it is upland in character. Precipitation δ¹⁸O followed seasonal patterns ranging from –20‰ in winter to –4‰ in summer. Seasonality was also evident in stream waters, though much more damped. Mean transit times (MTTs) were estimated using δ¹⁸O input–output relationships in a convolution integral with a gamma distribution. The MTTs were relatively similar (528–830 days): tributaries exhibited a greater range, being shorter in catchments with montane topography and hydrologically responsive soils, and longer where catchments have significant water storage. Along the main stem, MTTs increased modestly from 621 to 741 days. This indicates that montane headwaters are the dominant sources of runoff along the main stem of the river system. Models suggest that around 10% of runoff has transit times of less than two weeks during higher flows whilst older (>10-year old) water sustains low flows contributing around 5% of runoff.

Citation Speed, M., Tetzlaff, D., Hrachowitz, M. & Soulsby, C. (2011) Evolution of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the isotope hydrology of a montane river basin. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(3), 426–442     

The spatial-Temporal distributions and migrations of mesozoic magmaism in South China and subduction process of the paleo-pacific plate北大核心CSCD

The spatial-Temporal distributions and migrations of Mesozoic magmatism suggest that Mesozoic igneous rocks in South China can be divided into "two regions and four belts" , which are thought to be the products of convergence of multiple blocks as well as multi-stages and multi-directional compressional-extensional orogeny. However, it is impossible that the single subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate to form multi-direction and wide( > I (KK) km) tectonic deformation and mag- matic rock belt. In this paper. We evaluated the model of the paleo-Pacific Plate subduction, which widely circulated on late Mesozoic magmatism in Cathaysian Block at present, to address the its main contribution and shortage. We put forward that approximately middle-Jurassic( 175±5 Ma) , the South China entered the paleo-Pacific tectonic system, roughly from south to north oblique subduction of the paleo-Pacific Plate. After 120 Ma, the subduction direction of paleo-Pacific Plate has changed to westward forward subduction dramatically. At the end of Mesozoic, the South China continent has become a passive margin so that there are the different tectonic setting roughly contemporary in southeastern China coast and east- em Taiwan. The former is the within-continent tectonic environment of the extensional-break up setting, where as and the latter is the arc tectonic environment with collision-compresive stress.     

钦杭成矿带南段粤西大金山地区的区域地球化学特征与成矿规律探讨

粤西大金山地区位于大金山旋转构造带中,是粤西S、Ag、Pb、W、Sn、Au重要的成矿远景区,该地区矿产地多,矿化类型多,成矿带分布广。其1∶5万水系沉积物综合异常为一个环长35km、宽2~5km,面积约220km2的环带状异常,主要由W、Sn、Bi、Mo、Pb、Zn、Ag、Au等元素组成,具有元素组合复杂,规模大,强度高的特点;环绕着大金山旋转构造带分布有大金山大型钨锡矿、大降坪特大型硫铁矿、高枨大型银铅锌矿、九曲岭中型锡矿、石门头中型铅锌矿等矿床。本文基于化探综合异常,解析各典型矿床特征认为:1大金山地区以"穹隆"为中心,成矿元素自内向外依次形成有规律的水平分带:W、Sn、Bi→Sn→Sn、Pb、Zn、Ag→Ag、Pb、Zn(Au)→Au;2钨锡矿床和铅锌矿床具有清晰的垂直分带规律;3钨锡铅锌银矿床均形成于燕山晚期。在此基础上,建立了大金山地区成矿模式:震旦纪海底火山喷流(气)活动形成的浅变质岩系,为锡铅锌银矿床的形成提供了物质来源;燕山运动早期,在两个区域性北东向断裂带的左旋扭动下,形成大金山旋转构造带;燕山晚期岩浆活动使大金山旋转构造带扩容,且携带部分成矿物质(如钨等)的深源热液溶解了大绀山组地层中的锡、铅、锌、银、金等元素,在各裂隙系统中成矿。     

Selection of coherent deposit-type locations and their application in data-driven mineral prospectivity mapping

Data-driven prospectivity mapping can be undermined by dissimilarity in multivariate spatial data signatures of deposit-type locations. Most cases of data-driven prospectivity mapping, however, make use of training sets of randomly selected deposit-type locations with the implicit assumption that they are coherent (i.e., with similar multivariate spatial data signatures). This study shows that the quality of data-driven prospectivity mapping can be improved by using a training set of coherent deposit-type locations. Analysis and selection of coherent deposit-type locations was performed via logistic regression, by using multiple sets of deposit occurrence favourability scores of univariate geoscience spatial data as independent variables and binary deposit occurrence scores as dependent variable. The set of coherent deposit-type locations and three sets of randomly selected deposit-type locations were each used in data-driven prospectivity mapping via application of evidential belief functions. The prospectivity map based on the training set of coherent deposit-type locations resulted in lower uncertainty, better goodness-of-fit to the training set, and better predictive capacity against a cross-validation set of economic deposits of the type sought. This study shows that explicit selection of training set of coherent deposit-type locations should be applied in data-driven prospectivity mapping.     

滑坡频度-降雨量的分形关系

降雨-滑坡关系是对降雨引发的滑坡进行预报的一个重要基础。本文根据中国浙江省1990～2003年期间有明确日期和坐标记录的1414个滑坡数据和基本覆盖浙江全部陆地区域的1257个雨量站记录的日降雨量数据,研究了滑坡频度-降雨关系。研究结果表明,降雨引发滑坡的频度与降雨量之间遵循分形的幂指数关系,并且在两个尺度的降雨量范围内具有不同的标度指数。按照幂指数关系拟合的两条滑坡累计频度-降雨关系线交点(拐点)处的降雨量(Rin)指出了引发75%左右滑坡的累计降雨阀值的上边界(以THCR表示)。对1d、4d、6d和11d这4个累计降雨时段的研究表明,引发75%左右滑坡的累计降雨阀值分别为205mm(1d)、273mm(4d)、294mm(6d)、315mm(11d)。     

金沙江流域实际蒸散发遥感重建及时空特征分析

通过构建基于重力卫星的实际蒸散发重建方法来获取高精度的实际蒸散发信息,为研究气候变化下的水循环规律提供关键信息。利用GLDAS陆面模式同化数据对GRACE重力卫星水储量观测数据进行空间降尺度,通过水量平衡法,重建了金沙江流域2002-2016年的子流域尺度实际蒸散发月序列。结果表明:①基于重力卫星观测与水量平衡方法重建的实际蒸散发（ET_Recon）与ET_PLSH、ET_Jung和ET_MODIS3种遥感反演产品相比有较高的可靠性,其中与ET_PLSH的相关性最高（r=0.82）,与ET_Jung的平均差和均方根差最小。②研究区年均实际蒸散发为410.8 mm/a,空间分布上由西北向东南递增,年际变化上呈增加趋势。③季节尺度上,实际蒸散发夏季最高,呈逐年增加趋势;冬季最低,波动较平稳。     

太湖流域滆湖水体悬浮物分布特征及其影响因素

基于2018—2019年的周年调查,分析了滆湖总悬浮物（TSS）的时空分布特征、组成及其季节变化规律,并探讨了水体悬浮物的影响因素及其与氮、磷的关系.结果表明：（1） TSS浓度的年内变化范围在11.80~105.87 mg/L之间,平均浓度为41.87±18.09 mg/L.（2）滆湖水体TSS时空差异显著.空间上呈现高速公路以南湖区（B区）大于高速公路以北湖区（A区）,沿岸高于湖心区的分布趋势;季节变化整体表现为：夏季 > 秋季 > 春季 > 冬季,且夏季显著高于其他季节.（3）滆湖水体中无机悬浮物（ISS）和有机悬浮物所占TSS的比例差异悬殊,分别为75.5%和24.5%,A区和B区均以ISS为主.（4）线性拟合表明,TSS与颗粒态氮、总磷和颗粒态磷具有极显著正相关关系;（5） TSS与叶绿素a浓度相关性极显著.综合结果分析,藻类暴发和泥沙再悬浮是影响滆湖水体悬浮物浓度的重要因素.     

Enviromental genotoxicity evaluation: Bayesian approach for a mixture statistical model

 The data analyzed in this paper are part of the results described in Bueno et al. (2000). Three cytogenetics endpoints were analyzed in three populations of a species of wild rodent – Akodon montensis – living in an industrial, an agricultural, and a preservation area at the Itajaí Valley, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The polychromatic/normochromatic ratio, the mitotic index, and the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocites were used in an attempt to establish a genotoxic profile of each area. It was assumed that the three populations were in the same conditions with respect to the influence of confounding factors such as animal age, health, nutrition status, presence of pathogens, and intra- and inter-populational genetic variability. Therefore, any differences found in the endpoints analyzed could be attributed to the external agents present in each area. The statistical models used in this paper are mixtures of negative-binomials and Poisson variables. The Poisson variables are used as approximations of binomials for rare events. The mixing distributions are beta densities. The statistical analyzes are under the bayesian perspective, as opposed to the frequentist ones often considered in the literature, as for instance in Bueno et al. (2000).     

Simulation of the size distribution and erosivity of raindrops and throughfall drops

This paper presents a model that simulates the size distribution and erosivity of raindrops and throughfall drops. It utilizes existing models of rainfall drop size distribution and fall velocity and combines them with newly collated evidence of throughfall drop size distributions. A sensitivity analysis reveals that the model is sensitive to parameters that are easily measured or estimated: rainfall intensity, the mean volume drop diameter of the intercepted throughfall, canopy cover, and canopy height. The results of the model may be used at two levels. Firstly, to calculate specifically the size and fall velocity of individual drops, parameters that are needed in studies examining the response of soil surfaces to forces applied by rainfall. Secondly, to produce erosivity indices, based on rainfall intensity but which take account of the effects of a vegetation canopy. The paper shows that while the kinetic energy of rainfall (E(0), J mm^?1 m^?2) may be calculated from an equation of the familiar form: the kinetic energy of throughfall under any canopy may be calculated by combining this equation with another that relates the energy of drops under a 100 per cent canopy cover (E(100)) and the canopy height: .     

Comparative analysis of scalar upper tail indicators

ABSTRACT

Different upper tail indicators exist to characterize heavy tail phenomena, but no comparative study has been carried out so far. We evaluate the shape parameter (GEV), obesity index, Gini index and upper tail ratio (UTR) against a novel benchmark of tail heaviness – the surprise factor. Sensitivity analyses to sample size and changes in scale-to-location ratio are carried out in bootstrap experiments. The UTR replicates the surprise factor best but is most uncertain and only comparable between records of similar length. For samples with symmetric Lorenz curves, shape parameter, obesity and Gini indices provide consistent indications. For asymmetric Lorenz curves, however, the first two tend to overestimate, whereas Gini index tends to underestimate tail heaviness. We suggest the use of a combination of shape parameter, obesity and Gini index to characterize tail heaviness. These indicators should be supported with calculation of the Lorenz asymmetry coefficients and interpreted with caution.