黄、东海溶解态无机砷的分布及其季节变化

本文综合2000～2003年期间9个航次的研究结果,讨论了总溶解态无机砷（TDIAs,[TDIAs]=[As^5＋]＋[As^3＋]）和亚砷酸盐（As^3＋）在黄、东海的分布和季节性变化。调查海区覆盖了黄、东海不同水文和化学性质的区域,研究重点放在自长江口向东南琉球群岛沿伸的PN断面以讨论陆源输送的物质对中国陆架边缘海的影响。利用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法（HG-AFS）分析砷的不同形态（TDIAs,As^3＋）。TDIAs受河流陆源输送的影响在近岸区域含量较高,并随着离岸距离的增加含量逐步下降。在东海陆架坡折带的近底层水中也存在TDIAs的高值中心,此区域具有低温、高盐、低悬浮颗粒物含量的特征,显示出入侵陆架的黑潮水是陆架区TDIAs另一个主要的源。TDIAs的季节性变化趋势受到长江冲淡水水量及黑潮入侵陆架强度的季节及年际变化共同影响。研究区域中As^3＋的分布特征与TDIAs相反,其含量、分布及季节性变化受到浮游植物活动的影响,表现出与叶绿索含量存在正相关关系。夏季东海陆架PN断面中As／P的化学计量比值约为2×10^3。黄、东海溶解态砷的含量与世界其它海区相近,表明其未受到明显人为活动的影响。     

块状硫化物矿床的类型、分布和形成环境

从全球视野全面概括了块状硫化物矿床的成矿背景和成矿类型,突出强调了洋壳和岛弧或陆壳两种成矿环境对成矿类型分类的重要性,并探讨了由于洋、陆转化过程中过渡环境的存在对两种成矿类型亦存在过渡的成矿复杂性,分析评述了块状硫化物矿床在全球各大陆块及其主要造山带中的地质分布和成矿特点。已发现矿床数量北半球明显发育,南半球发现稀少,太古代和中新生代是火山成因块状硫化物矿床的最主要形成期,其次是晚古生代,而中国则以早古生代的发现最为重要,与全球的情况有显著差异。探讨了全球块状硫化物矿床的形成演化和主要形成环境,强调了在地质历史上造山带中可能保存下来代表弧后盆地洋壳环境的蛇绿岩中寻找火山成因块状硫化物矿床的重要性。介绍了利用高场强元素对火山成因块状硫化物矿床构造背景的判别方法。     

Lognormality in the observed size distribution of oil and gas pools as a consequence of sampling bias

Economic filtration has been offered as an explanation of the observed lognormality in the size distribution of discovered oil and gas deposits. The result leads to the conclusion that one cannot impute the shape of the underlying parent distribution from the observed discoveries size distribution. The fact that the largest pools tend to be discovered early in the exploration history of an area of interest suggests the existence of an inherent sampling bias in the discovery process. The bias is influenced by the levels of geologic knowledge and technological sophistication. Furthermore, the existence of the bias leads to lognormality in the observed discoveries size distribution of oil and gas pools. A discovery process model explicitly incorporating the notion of sampling bias was applied to a series of Weibull parent frequency size distributions. The selected parent distributions are of a class suggested in the literature as more reflective of nature's size distribution and have empirical support. The distribution of discoveries resulting from the application of the model to the chosen parent size distributions were tested for lognormality using a chi-squared test. Lognormality was found to be an acceptable model of the discoveries size distribution over a wide range of resource exhaustion measures. When combined with the notion of economic filtration, sampling bias leads to the conclusion that one should not expect the lognormal distribution to accurately represent the underlying parent size distribution of oil and gas deposits.     

A generalized set of discrete frequency distributions with Fortran program

Geologists unfamiliar with the application of probability theory to discrete data in other fields of research are usually acquainted with only three discrete theoretical frequency distributions: Poisson, binomial, and negative binomial distributions. In some situations these distributions may fail to adequately describe a set of experimental data. Other distributions such as the Poisson with zeros, Neyman type A, logarithmic with zeros, Poisson-binomial, and Thomas double Poisson together with the more common Poisson, binomial, and negative binomial form a generalized subset of discrete theoretical distributions, one of which should fit almost any experimental data set. A computer program is presented which allows testing of any combination of these distributions against observed discrete data.     

Experimental Study on the Effects of A Breakwater on Wave Field Characteristics

Studies on the possible effects of a detached breakwater on the characteristics of the wavefield are carried out experimentally.A serpentine wave generator is used to generate both uni- andmulti-directional waves.Characteristics of the wave fields analyzed here include the wave fielddirectionality,and the probability distributions of surface elevations and of the wave heights.Owing to thepresence of the breakwater,waves outside the harbour are found to be reflected with,however,concen-trated energy within the harbour entrance.In general,wave heights can be approximated with a Rayleighdistribution,with occasional deviations from the theory.This occurs more frequently for waves with high-er peak frequency values than for those with lower values both for uni-and multi-directional waves.Sur-face elevations can be approximated with the Gaussian model.although the Edgeworth's form of the typeA Gram-Charlier series expansions would yield better fits.Wave directionality is found to have nodiscernible effects on     

Simulation of astronomical solar radiation over Yellow River Basin based on DEM

1IntroductionDistributed watershed hydrological model has become one of the hot topics in hydrology for its predominance in reflecting the influence of the spatial distributed features of terrains on hydrological processes (Wan etal., 2001; Abbott etal., 1986; Beven etal., 1992). However its demands on the spatio-temporal changeful surface elements such as solar radiation, precipitation, temperature etc. are strict. Being the limitations of observation techniques, data availability and study …     

中国暖季短时强降水分布和日变化特征及其与中尺度对流系统日变化关系分析

短时强降水是强对流天气的一类.基于中国国家气象信息中心质量控制后的1991-2009年876个基本基准气象站整点逐时降水资料,通过不同时段的发生时次频率分析,给出了中国暖季(4-9月)不小于10、20、30、40、50 mm/h短时强降水的时空分布特征,并重点同利用静止气象卫星红外相当黑体亮度温度(T_BB)资料获得的中尺度对流系统(MCS)日变化特征进行了对比分析.结果表明,中国短时强降水时次频率地理分布同暴雨(≥50mm/d)分布都非常相似,但50mm/h以上的短时强降水时次频率非常低,地理分布差异显着.短时强降水发生频率最高的区域为华南,其次为云南南部、四川盆地、贵州南部、江西和长江下游等地.最大降水强度可超过180mm/h(海南);在短时强降水发生频率很低的区域,也有超过50mm/h的强降水.从月际变化来看,7月最为活跃,其次为8月.逐候变化显示,短时强降水具有显着的间歇性发展特征(跳跃性分布的特征),但总体上呈现缓慢增强、迅速减弱的特点;以7月第4候最为活跃.中国总体平均的短时强降水的频率和最大强度的日变化有3个峰值,主峰在午后(16-17时,北京时),次峰在午夜后(01-02时)和早晨(07-08时);中午前后(10-13时)最不活跃.中国短时强降水和中尺度对流系统的日变化特征基本一致,但午夜后时段二者存在较大差异.不同区域的短时强降水和中尺度对流系统日变化具有不同的活跃时段和传播特征,具有单峰型、双峰型、多峰型和持续活跃型等日变化类型,这不仅与较大尺度的天气系统环流相关,且与地势、海陆等地理分布密切相关.     

泛长三角地区大型主题公园时空分布初步研究

作为世界旅游组织确定的未来旅游业发展三大趋势之一的主题公园,近年来以极为迅猛的速度发展,而作为主题公园相对较为集中的泛长三角地区,其发展速度和规模尤为突出。选取上海市、江苏省、浙江省和安徽省,即以泛长江三角洲地区为研究对象,从时间和空间两个维度上对其范围内大型主题公园的分布特征进行分析,总结出泛长三角大型主题公园的发展阶段、空间分布聚集特征明显以及影响分布的5个因素（经济发展因素、区位因素、产业融合因素、创新因素和城市发展因素）等。最后对时空分布进行总结并提出未来需要加强研究的若干方面。     

软件产业发展的经济地理学分析

20世纪90年代以来,全球软件产业迅速发展,成为众多国家和地区信息服务业的核心内容.软件服务外包在全球范围内兴起,软件产业全球生产网络日益复杂.软件产业不断成为政府以及学者们研究的新热点,经济地理学视角的软件产业研究也不断涌现,但研究对象主要以发达国家以及印度、巴西等少数新兴软件国家为主,对中国软件产业的经济地理学研究...     

我国北方地区苹果不同干旱等级时空特征

为定量评估我国北方地区苹果不同干旱等级灾害时空分布特征,以我国苹果主产地为研究区域,对前人提出的干旱指数进行等级划分,结合历史灾情资料,对划分的等级进行验证;利用验证后的干旱指数,明确1981—2016年苹果不同干旱等级时空变化特征。结果表明：划分的干旱指数等级能够较好地反映我国北方地区苹果实际干旱特征;各生育阶段甘肃省中北部、宁夏回族自治区各年代以重旱发生为主,山西省、陕西省、山东省以及河南省干旱等级随年代变化较大;重旱发生面积在果树萌动-花芽萌动和成熟-落叶生育阶段1981—2000年随年代变化逐渐增加;各生育阶段无旱和重旱高频区频率高于50%,轻旱和中旱高频区频率高于30%;1981—2016年轻旱发生范围最大,果树萌动-花芽萌动生育阶段的重旱和盛花-成熟生育阶段的中旱站次比呈显著上升趋势。研究区域西北地区干旱严重,且发生频率较高。