基于生态系统的海洋综合管理研究 ——以美国大沼泽湿地项目为例

基于生态系统的海洋综合管理是海洋管理的新理念和新模式,其倡导从海洋生态系统角度开展环境资源保护,并以促进海洋生态系统与人类开发活动的协调可持续发展为终极目标。美国大沼泽湿地项目是基于生态系统的海洋综合管理的经典范例。基于生态系统的海洋综合管理的核心理念是将整个生态系统纳入海洋综合管理范畴,颠覆传统的单一对象保护理念,实现海洋生态保护与人类生存发展协调可持续。美国大沼泽湿地项目采用了基于生态系统的海洋综合管理理念,将整个大沼泽湿地视为一个整体生态系统,实现联邦政府、州政府和社会组织协作,合力促进大沼泽湿地的绿色生态可持续发展。美国大沼泽湿地项目全面贯彻基于生态系统的海洋综合管理理念,采用联合管理模式,重视水资源环境治理取得一定成效,但也暴露出管理模式有待改进、公众宣传参与不到位、区域间联系不紧密等问题。     

What determines the institutional performance of environmental regimes?: A case study of the Mediterranean Action Plan

Although there is fierce debate about how best to evaluate the effectiveness of international regimes, most writers regard institutional effectiveness as the best measure. This article examines the institutional effectiveness of one regime—the Barcelona Convention (or the Mediterranean Action Plan)—where there are sharply contrasting views of its institutional effectiveness. The study finds that the regime was indeed successful when created, but its contemporary institutional performance is inadequate. The article demonstrates that there is no simple answer as to whether a regime is effective; instead, in most cases it depends on the specific criteria each approach employs.     

�����塱ǰ��̨վ�롰ʮ�塱ǰ��̨���������о�

???4??????塱??????塱????????????????????4???????????????????塱??????????塱????????С?????????????????????????????????????У???????????Ч????     

Neo-liberalism, markets and class structures on the Nepali lowlands: The political economy of agrarian change

In recent years, neo-liberalism has manifested itself in peripheral social formations on an ideological basis through strategies of poverty alleviation. This process is epitomized by Nepal’s donor led agrarian strategy, which constructs farmers as ‘rational entrepreneurs’ responsible for their own welfare. In the process it seeks to encourage smallholders to shift from subsistence to market oriented production. However, over 10 years since the current agrarian strategy was released, there is little evidence of commercialisation and the integration of rural populations into global or domestic markets, while subsistence production remains dominant. To understand this failure, one must examine both the contradictions inherent in neo-liberal ideologies and the rural political economy of Nepal. While the emphasis on self-help through market access can be understood to be an ideological process constitutive of the overdetermined nature of capitalist expansion, contradictions are evident in such ideologies when they are mobilised in regions dominated by non-capitalist economic systems. The depoliticizing assumptions inherent in such ideologies can serve the interests of capitalist expansion through glossing over the associated forms of class exploitation. However, a case study from Nepal’s eastern lowlands demonstrates how they also divert attention from complex non-capitalist modes of surplus appropriation in both the relations of production and circulation. Such forms of exploitation have not only obstructed the process of classical agrarian transition long envisaged in Marxian theory, but have also blocked the emergence of the particular form of rural commodity production envisaged in Nepal’s neo-liberal agrarian strategy itself.     

电子政务顶层设计方法研究

人们对电子政务顶层设计的重要性已经达成广泛共识。本文首先介绍了美国、英国、德国、新加坡的电子政务顶层设计进展,然后设计了电子政务总体框架,该框架由业务架构、服务架构、应用架构、信息架构、技术架构、管理架构六个部分构成。最后提出了电子政务顶层设计推进策略,指出了顶层设计与规划的区别。     

回眸“十一五” 展望“十二五”——钻探技术和装备形成系列为资源环境开发提供直接手段

回顾了＂十一五＂期间我国在科学钻探、天然气水合物勘探、深部钻探、钻探技术装备、高精度定向对接井钻井技术、绳索取心液动锤钻具、新型金刚石钻头系列、新型冲洗液技术、地质灾害监测防治钻探技术、人才培养以及体制改革等方面取得的成绩和发展;提出了＂十二五＂期间的主要工作方向。     

纵然成绩成过去，更期辉煌待未来——山东省地矿局探矿工程“十一五”回顾及“十二五”展望

全面回顾了山东省地矿局＂十一五＂期间探矿工程在技术研究与应用、技术管理及成果管理等方面的发展情况,从新技术研发与推广和强化内部管理等方面展望了＂十二五＂期间的工作思路。     

建材非金属矿资源勘查的发展概况与展望

主要介绍了＂十一五＂期间我国建材非金属矿资源勘查中探矿工程所取得的成果,分析了存在的问题,提出了＂十二五＂的工作重点。     

The global climate action summit: increasing ambition during turbulent times

In September 2018, leaders in climate action within and outside the U.S. will convene in San Francisco for the Global Climate Action Summit. They plan to demonstrate strong ongoing commitment to exceeding the goals set out in the Paris Agreement, despite U.S. federal opposition under President Trump, and to spur greater ambition among subnational governments and the private sector. Now that the Trump Administration is working to undo the progress made under President Obama, it is more important than ever that states and cities, as well as the private sector, redouble their efforts. Since the 2016 election, many U.S. states have demonstrated leadership by establishing ever-more ambitious clean energy and electric vehicle targets through legislation and executive action; by pushing back on the Trump Administration in public forums and in the courts; and by banding together to realise greater effectiveness through collective action. The commitment of leading states, cities, and businesses alone will not be enough to achieve the rapid reductions needed to keep planetary warming to 1.5 degrees C in the absence of U.S. federal efforts. But coming after a summer of extreme weather events, the Summit represents a critical opportunity to re-energise constituencies, highlight the need for urgent and ambitious action, and bring climate change to the forefront of policy conversations across the U.S. and beyond.

Key policy insights

• The reversal of U.S. ambitious clean energy and transportation policy, including replacing the Clean Power Plan, freezing fuel standards, and withdrawing from the Paris Agreement, have created a gap at the federal level under President Trump that will be difficult – but perhaps not impossible – to fill with subnational action.

• States, local governments, and the private sector have shown a strengthened commitment to combating climate change and to the goals set out in the Paris Agreement through more ambitious legislative and executive targets, and regional initiatives like RGGI and cross-jurisdictional zero emissions vehicle programmes.

• The Global Climate Action Summit in September 2018 is a pivotal moment to energise a broader coalition within and outside the U.S. towards catalysing the level of ambition needed to exceed goals set out in the Paris Agreement.

     

美国长期生态学研究网络（LTER）计算机基础设施现状、挑战与未来发展趋势

信息化基础设施战略规划是美国长期生态学研究网络（LTER）战略规划的重要组成部分。在美国国家科学基金会资助下,来自多个领域的专家在系统分析美国长期生态学研究网络信息化基础设施的现状及面临挑战的基础上,提出了为支持LTER在未来（几）十年的核心科学计划——社会与环境综合科学计划,在站点、网络办公室、网络层次需要开展的一系列信息化基础设施活动及产出,为未来开展LTER信息化基础设施建设提供指导。同时也可为中国生态系统研究网络（CERN）及世界其他长期生态学研究网络的规划与发展提供启示。