Jump conditions and dynamic surface tension at permeable interfaces such as the inner core boundary

We consider a fluid crossing a zone of rapid density change, so thin that it can be considered as a density jump interface. In this case, the normal velocity undergoes a jump. For a Newtonian viscous fluid with low Reynolds number (creeping flow) that keeps its rheological properties within the interface, we show that this implies that the traction cannot be continuous across the density jump because the tangential stress is singular. The appropriate jump conditions are established by using the calculus of distributions, taking into account the curvature of the interface as well as the density and viscosity changes. Independently of any intrinsic surface tension, a dynamic surface tension appears and turns out to be proportional to the mass transfer across the interface and to a coefficient related to the variations of density and viscosity within the interface. Explicit solutions are exhibited to illustrate the importance of these new jump conditions. The example of the Earth's inner core crystallisation is questioned.     

Global thermal and dynamical perturbations due to Cretaceous mantle avalanche

The numerical models of mantle convection agree to depict avalanches behaviour according to the level of endothermicity of the spinel → perovskite phase change. Their potential effects on the global thermal and dynamical states of the mantle have been computed thanks to a numerical code, which takes into account both the 400-km exothermic and the 660-km endothermic phase changes. The cycle followed by the avalanches is: local layering, destabilization of the 660-km thermal layer, travelling and spreading on the core, and reappearing of the local layering. Therefore, mantle convection is characterized by quiet periods of partial layering embedded in catastrophic events. During the avalanche, the amplitude of the surface velocity is multiplied by two, which would imply an enhanced plate tectonic and ridge activities. The global thermal effects of the avalanche are compatible with a high mantle temperature and an acceleration of Earth's rotation during the Cretaceous. They also offer a coherent explanation to locate the origin of mantle plumes both within the CMB and just below the transition zone.     

Ab initio study of the high-pressure behavior of CaSiO3 perovskite

Using density functional simulations, within the generalized gradient approximation and projector-augmented wave method, we study structures and energetics of CaSiO₃ perovskite in the pressure range of the Earths lower mantle (0–150 GPa). At zero Kelvin temperature the cubic CaSiO₃ perovskite structure is unstable in the whole pressure range, at low pressures the orthorhombic (Pnam) structure is preferred. At 14.2 GPa there is a phase transition to the tetragonal (I4/mcm) phase. The CaIrO₃-type structure is not stable for CaSiO₃. Our results also rule out the possibility of decomposition into oxides.

LiMn_2O_4的溶胶─凝胶─酯化法合成及性能Ⅱ 立方尖晶石的形成及其形貌

以溶胶-凝胶-酯化法在220℃即可得到纯相的LixMn2O4（0.762＜x＜1.139）尖晶石粉体材料。它在880℃时发生立方相向四方相的转变：900℃－1000℃间,四方相渐变为正交相LiMnO2,过程中有Li2MnO3生成。应用SEM、TEM观测了材料的粘度及形貌,其粒度10－40nm,粒子间极易团聚成为1-206μm的团块。以BET法测其比表面为3.6m2／g。     

陕西略阳煎茶岭镍矿床成矿及矿石变质过程的地球化学研究

矿床中存在着岩浆离熔成因的磁黄铁矿-镍黄铁矿矿石和热液改造成因的黄铁矿-针镍矿-辉镍矿矿石。研究证明现在矿石中存在的硫化物均为较低温度条件下的变质产物,并且矿物组合的更替不仅同温度变化有关,同时还受体系中氧逸度和硫离子活度的控制。矿物组合的地球化学分析表明,现有Fe-Ni-S体系低温（<300℃）相平衡图解之间存在着矛盾的原因可能是忽略了氧化-还原条件的影响。     

基于经验模式分解的太阳南北半球黑子面积的Rieger-type周期相位分析

采用经验模式分解技术研究了从第12到第24太阳活动周黑子面积数据中的Rieger-type周期,以及它们在南北半球上的相位关系。研究发现:(1)Rieger-type周期尺度以及时间尺度在两个半球上是不一样的,从而导致了半球分布的不对称性;(2)平均Rieger-type周期在北半球上的周期长度略大于南半球上的;(3)占主导地位半球的Rieger-type周期的相位不一定是超前的,半球Rieger-type周期尺度相近的也并不一定是相关性强的。     

基于U形卷积神经网络的震相识别与到时拾取方法研究

精确获取震相到时是地震定位和地震走时成像等研究的重要基础.近年来,随着地震台站的不断加密,地震台网监测到的地震数量成倍增长,发展快速、准确、适用性强的震相到时自动拾取算法是地震行业的迫切需求.本文在前人工作基础上,发展了Pg、Sg震相自动识别与到时拾取的U网络算法（Unet_cea）,使用汶川余震和首都圈地震台网记录的89344个不同震级、不同信噪比的样本进行训练和测试.研究表明,U网络能够较好地识别Pg、Sg震相类型和拾取到时,Pg、Sg震相的正确识别率分别为81%和79.1%,与人工标注到时的均方根误差分别为0.41 s和0.54 s.U网络在命中率、均方根误差等性能指标上均明显优于STA/LTA和峰度分析自动拾取方法.研究获得的最优模型可以为区域地震台网的自动处理提供辅助.

     

H~+,Li~+,Mg~(2+)∥Cl~-—H_2O四元水盐体系在-10℃时的平衡溶解度相图

本文利用等温溶解度法测定了H~+,Li~+,Mg~(2+)//Cl~-—H_2O四元水盐体系在—10℃±0.1℃时的溶解度并绘制了等温相图。相图由HCl·MgCl_2·7H_2O、MgCl_2·8H_2O、HCl·6H_2O和LiCl·2H_2O四个相区构成,只有一个零变量点I:LiCl·2H_2O+MgCl_2·6H_2O+HCl·MgCl_2·7H_2O+L_(?)利用坐标变换和直线外推法,对溶解度数据进行处理后,用湿渣结线法解决了低温平衡固相较难确定的问题。