Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in plastics ingested by seabirds

The occurrence of plastic objects in the digestive tract was assessed in eight species of Procellariiformes collected in southern Brazil and the occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the ingested plastics pellets and plastic fragments was evaluated. PCBs were detected in plastic pellets (491 ng g⁻¹) and plastic fragments (243-418 ng g⁻¹). Among the OCPs, p,p′-DDE had the highest concentrations, ranging from 68.0 to 99.0 ng g⁻¹. The occurrence of organic pollutants in post-consumer plastics supports the fact that plastics are an important source carrying persistent organic pollutants in the marine environment. Although transfer through the food chain may be the main source of exposure to POPs to seabirds, plastics could be an additional source for the organisms which ingest them, like Procellariiformes which are the seabirds most affected by plastic pollution.     

基于多卫星平台永久散射体雷达干涉提取三维地表形变速度场

永久散射体雷达干涉(PSI)技术及其应用于区域地表形变监测已成为雷达遥感领域的研究热点之一.使用单一卫星平台所获取的单侧视SAR影像时间序列进行PSI分析,仅能获取沿雷达视线(LOS)方向的一维地表位移信息.本文提出了基于多平台永久散射体雷达干涉提取三维地表形变速度场的模型与算法,其基本策略是:首先针对每一卫星平台的SAR影像时间序列进行PSI分析,并计算各地面目标沿LOS向的位移速度值,然后联合各平台所对应的LOS向位移速度值进行建模,并基于最小二乘方法解算各地面目标的三维位移速度分量.实验选取天津市西北部作为测试区,使用2007—2010年所获取的39幅TerraSAR-X影像、23幅ENVISAT ASAR影像和16幅ALOS PALSAR影像进行分析,经联合解算得到了该测试区域的垂直位移速度场以及南北向和东西向水平位移速度分量.与地面水准和已有GPS观测结果对比分析表明:多平台PSI的垂直位移速度场精度可达毫米级,而其水平位移速度分量与已有GPS结果基本一致.多平台PSI分析无需引入任何外部形变参考信息,便可以实现形变场的偏差校准和三维形变场的恢复.     

南亚高压季节持续性异常及其与ENSO关系

南亚高压是对流层中上层重要的大气活动中心.文中选取200hPa等压面,应用1948—2006年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料、NCAR的CAM3.0大气环流模式,分析了南亚高压强度的季节持续性异常特征及其与ENSO事件的关系,结果表明南亚高压强度的冬—春—夏的季节持续性异常特征,这种长达半年以上的季节持续性异常与ENSO事件存在密切关系。进一步分析发现,南亚高压强度异常程度的时间演变特征与赤道东太平洋海温表征的ENSO信号的演变特征并不一致,南亚高压强度度异常滞后ENSO信号,对ENSO信号的响应从前一年的12月开始,一直持续到当年的9月,1—5月强度异常最强,6—9月强度异常次之。1月Nino3.4指数时滞自相关表征的ENSO事件春季开始,夏秋季发展,冬季成熟,来年春季开始减弱,夏季基水消失。不同海区数值试验结果表明:在ENSO事件成熟期的冬季,南亚高压与赤道东太平洋海温关系密切,在ENSO事件衰减期的春季,与赤道东太平洋和印度洋海温关系密切,在ENSO事件衰减期的夏季,与印度洋海温关系密切。     

福建省泉州地区断裂带地壳形变PS-InSAR监测

PS-InSAR技术能够有效降低常规差分干涉雷达受时间失相干、空间失相干和大气效应的影响,在常规D-InSAR不能形成干涉条纹的情况下,可利用时间序列的雷达影像和相位稳定的永久散射体目标点获取离散的PS像素点形变速率。以福建省泉州地区的断裂带为研究对象,对1996-1999年的22景ERS SAR数据进行PS-InSAR处理,得出研究区主要断裂的视线向位移速率为3~5mm/a,表明该区断裂仍有一定的活动性,具有潜在的地震危险。     

永久散射体差分干涉测量技术中SAR影像精配准的一种新方法

提出并实现了一种基于加权最小二乘的低相干SAR像对精配准新方法。该方法借助一幅与主、辅影像相干性都较高的第三幅影像来完成低相干SAR影像对的初步配准,利用加权最小二乘法求出二者间的坐标映射函数,从而快速高效地实现低相干SAR影像对的高精度亚像元级配准。采用ERS-1/2实际数据的配准实验,验证了该方法可以提高低相干SAR像对的干涉图质量,提高二者之间的相干性和控制点的配准精度,改善低相干SAR影像对的配准效果,在一定程度上解决了PS InSAR技术中低相干SAR影像对的配准问题。     

Changes in the early part of the seismic coda due to localized scatterers: The estimation ofQ in a stope environment

A single scattering model was used to analyse the temporary changes in the mean density of scattered waves in a discrete random medium. The model of the mean energy density, originally proposed bySato (1977) for spherical radiation and isotropic scattering, has been modified and applied to a medium in which the scatterers are confined to a specified volume. The time variation of the early part of the mean energy density function for the different source durations was investigated. The dominant effect on the theoretical mean energy density is caused by the specified volume containing scatterers. The duration of the source pulse influences the early part of the coda fort/t ₀<1.2, wheret is the lapse time measured from the source origin time, andt ₀is arrival time of the body wave.The analysis of the coda signal of micro-events occurring immediately in front of the face enables us to estimate the size of the fracture zone induced by the stope. The model of the mean energy density of coda for a medium containing scatterers close to the seismic source was used to analyse a large number of events recorded close to an advancing mine face in a deep level gold mine in South Africa. The coda decay rate has two trends: the first, with a steep decay of coda, is produced by a larger deviation of rock parameters and/or larger size of the scatterers; the second trend, which decays more slowly, has the corresponding mean-free path ranging from 20 m to 200 m. The analysis indicates that the rock mass about 15–20 m from the stope contains a large proportion of fractured and blocked rock, which is the source of scattering. The scattering of theS-wave was much stronger and more stable, with the mean-free path varying from 11 m to 45 m. This is due to the shorter wavelength of theS wave in comparison with theP wave. The quality factor for theP coda wave varies from 30 to 100 in the fracture zone of stope and outside this zone it has a value of 300. The quality factor of theS wave varies from 20 to 78 in the equivalent volume. For rock surrounding the stope the ratioQ _sp ^–1 /Q _ss ^–1 varied from 0.31 to 0.69. This suggests that the radii of scatterers are smaller than 3.5 m.     

Interpretation,reliability and accuracies of parameters deduced by the spaced antenna method in middle atmosphere applications

The spaced antenna method has proved to be an important and relatively inexpensive radar technique for making measurements of atmospheric wind velocities and other parameters. This discussion examines the reliability and accuracies of various parameters which can be measured with the technique.After a brief introduction, a series of comparisons of winds measured by the spaced antenna method and simultaneously by other techniques are presented. It is concluded that when using weak partial reflections in the height range 0–100km, the spaced antenna technique provides reliable estimates of the neutral air motion. Following this the assumptions made in applying the method are considered in more detail. The possibility of systematic errors and the likelihood of erroneous measurements are examined, and the accuracy of any particular measurement of wind speed is discussed. Previous objections to the technique are discussed, and in general shown to be invalid.Other parameters apart from wind speeds can be measured with the spaced antenna technique, such as pattern scale, the rate of natural fading, and angles of arrival. The meanings of these parameters are discussed in terms of physical quantities such as turbulent energy dissipation rates, small-scale gravity wave velocity fluctuations, and aspect sensitivities of scatterers, and it is indicated when and how these derived parameters can be applied to deduce meaningful physical quantities. The need for great caution in making these interpretations is discussed; for example it is not always possible to use the rate of natural fading to estimate the intensity of turbulence, although in some cases this is possible. Finally, interferometric applications of spaced antenna systems are discussed.     

华南持续性强降水期间低频非绝热加热对低频环流的影响

利用站点降水资料和再分析资料针对华南地区5—8月的持续性强降水过程,分析了低频异常非绝热加热的时空分布特征及其对低频大气环流的可能反馈作用。得到如下结论:5—6月和7—8月华南持续性强降水期间10—30 d低频非绝热加热的演变特征有所不同,5—6月持续性强降水发生前低频非绝热加热大值区从30°N(107°—115°E)以北向南传播发展至华南地区,而在7—8月降水前非绝热加热大值区从中国南海中部向西北方向传播,并在降水最强盛期到达华南。异常环流型控制着持续性强降水的强度和位置,从而决定异常凝结潜热的演变特征。异常凝结潜热则是通过影响涡度倾向变化而对大气环流有一个反馈作用。对于发生在华南5—6月和7—8月的这2组持续性强降水过程,当降水处于发展阶段,在低频非绝热加热作用项和低频涡度平流项的共同作用下,华南上空中层存在显著的10—30 d低频正涡度倾向变化,有利于低频气旋式环流的进一步发展。非绝热加热作用项主要由加热率的垂直梯度决定,涡度平流项则与气候背景风场有密切关系。5—6月持续性强降水期间涡度平流项位于非绝热加热项东侧,而7—8月持续性强降水期间涡度平流项位于非绝热加热项北侧。在持续性强降水的衰亡期,由于非绝热加热项和涡度平流项转为负值,华南被负涡度倾向变化控制,低频气旋式环流迅速消亡。     

针对超高压输电导线的散射亮斑时间序列分析

针对超高压输电导线在高分辨率雷达影像上表现出的强散射特性,该文提出了一种自动提取输电导线强散射亮斑中心位置的算法。采用自适应窗口最大相关系数法,较精确地提取了强散射斑的位置,实现对散射亮斑亮度、面积、位置的时序分析。基于此算法的实验结果表明:输电导线散射亮斑的亮度峰值、50db以上的散射面积以及中心位置在时序影像中均发生不同程度的变化,并表明散射亮斑位置受导线弧垂影响,且温度是改变弧垂曲率和导线散射几何关系的主要因素。     

Tight integration of GPS observations and persistent scatterer InSAR for detecting vertical ground motion in Hong Kong

A method for tightly integrating GPS observations and the persistent scatterer (PS) interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is proposed to detect vertical ground motion in Hong Kong, China. The tropospheric zenith wet delays (ZWD) derived from GPS observations at sites in the SAR scenes are used first to model and correct for the tropospheric effects in the interferograms generated from the SAR images. The vertical motion rates (VMR) of the GPS sites determined based on the continuous GPS observations obtained at the sites are then used as constraints in the PS InSAR solutions to further enhance the quality of the solutions. Data from 12 continuous tracking GPS sites in Hong Kong and 8 ENVISAT ASAR images acquired during 2006–2007 are used to demonstrate the application of the proposed method. The results from the example show that the method is capable of detecting accurately the vertical ground motion.