广州市城乡公共服务设施空间特征及其成因分析

以教育、医疗和文体设施为例,采用Kernel密度分析和通径分析,研究了广州市城乡公共服务设施空间特征及其成因。结果表明：1）城乡聚集水平差异显著,总体上呈核心―边缘圈层结构格局,其中老城区为核心区,新开发区为过渡区,而广大农村区则为边缘区;2）不同类型设施空间格局基本一致,但各具特色,医疗设施密集程度最高,教育设施次之,文体设施最低;3）区际空间分布不均,行政区划烙印明显,越秀、海珠和荔湾区核密度最高,与增城、从化差异显著,行政边界成为Kernel密度等值线连续向外扩展的割裂线;4）通径分析表明,人口因素决定公共服务需求,是影响公共服务空间布局最重要的因素,经济因素决定公共服务供给,防止人口过于集中分布和增加公共服务设施投入是解决广州市公共服务设施城乡分布不均最有效的方法。     

邻坡反射辐射对地物反射率计算的影响评估

采用朗伯体经验模型计算邻坡反射辐射,并建立其对目标像元反射率计算影响的评估模型。研究表明,忽略邻坡反射辐射将造成目标像元反射率的计算值偏高,尤其在低照度区域易导致光学遥感影像地形辐射校正出现过饱和现象。研究证实,雪的可见光近红外波段的邻坡反射辐射、植被的近红外波段的邻坡反射辐射对目标像元反射率计算的影响显著,对地形遮蔽度大的目标像元可产生10%以上的反射率相对误差。     

Construction ages of the Upton Stone Chamber: Preliminary findings and suggestions for future luminescence research

The Upton Chamber in Massachusetts, an earth-covered stone structure 3.4 meters (m) in diameter, with a corbelled stone dome, and a 4.3 m long entrance passageway, is studied with the aim of determining whether optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating methods can be used to establish the approximate construction date of the entranceway. Three samples, taken from soil behind the lowest stones in the wall of the entrance passageway, returned OSL ages between 385 and 660 years ago (or from 1625 A.D. to 1350 A.D.; using the year 2011 as the 0 year). One sample, taken below the bottom of the artifact layers in an archeological test pit in front of the chamber entrance, returned OSL ages between 650 and 880 years ago. A modern sample collected from a nearby fluvial channel returned an age between 55 and 175 years. The Upton Chamber OSL sampling results are challenging to interpret because there are mixtures in the samples of both younger and older grains that likely result from human modification, root or soil processes, animal bioturbation (i.e. ants and worms), and/or partial bleaching. The ages were determined using the lowest component of the finite mixture model as applied to a distribution of quartz grains. Further research may enable us to determine whether older components are of anthropomorphic or geological origin.     

云南严重低温霜冻灾害天气个例分析

1999年12月下旬特大霜冻灾害是云南1951年以来损失最大的一次自然灾害,受灾面积85万hm^2,直接经济损失55亿元。利用高空和地面气象资料,分析了严重低温霜冻灾害的天气成因,并与历史上的1973／1974、1975／1976年冬季云南两次严重霜冻灾害进行了比较。结果表明：特大霜冻灾害是在云南连续暖冬背景下发生的,对云南经济作物和热带作物的危害最大。高空冷平流与地面冷高压控制下长时间夜间晴空辐射冷却降温是此次重霜冻形成的主要原因,500hPa、700hPa偏北气流和干冷南支槽是主要影响天气系统。碧空无云、静风、湿度小、气温低、气压高、露点温度特低是此次重霜冻的主要气象要素变化特征。冻害以滇南热带作物种植区最为严重。关键词霜冻低温冷平流晴空辐射暖冬     

北京地面紫外辐射（光谱）的观测与分析

通过对北京大气物理研究所与长春光机所合作研制的地基太阳紫外辐射光谱仪观测资料的分析，和用辐射传输模式UVSS计算的结果，对影响到达地面的UVB辐照度的主要因子太阳高度角（SZA）、臭氧总量和地表反照率进行了分析研究。最后对紫外光谱仪的观测资料做了总量和谱分析。     

长春地区紫外光谱（UV-A，UV-B）辐射观测和初步分析

利用我们研制的太阳—大气紫外光谱辐射计，从1992年5月在长春开始试验了野外观测，监视到达地表的太阳直射和大气散射紫外光谱辐射，主要给出长春地区地面紫外辐射，特别是紫外（UV）B段（280～320 nm）光谱辐射的一些基本特点和初步统计特征。由于地表UV-B辐射对生态系统和人类健康有危害作用，其强度随着臭氧减少而增加。该项观测分析将有助于监测和研究臭氧层变薄的实际效应。     

2008年初上海冰雪天气与冷空气路径的相关性研究

2008年1月10日至2月2日,中国南方地区出现了自1951a以来最为严重的连续低温冰雪灾害天气。研究表明,冰雪天气是北方强冷空气与南方暖湿气流共同作用的结果。进一步研究得到,低空冰点以下温度是下雪的基本条件,但上海冬季降水性质还与冷空气路径有关,当冷高压中心位于蒙古东部,冷空气从中路偏东南下时,上海受到东北海风的暖海面调节,近地面气温升高,使雪花在降落过程中融为雨水,上海以雨为主偶有小雪;当冷高压中心位于蒙古西部,冷空气从中路南下,上海吹西北来陆风时,脱离了冬季暖海面调节,雪花保持固态着地,上海同内陆地区一样下雪。     

Application of ATOVS microwave radiance assimilation to rainfall prediction in Summer 2004

Experiments are performed in this paper to understand the influence of satellite radiance data on the initial field of a numerical prediction system and rainfall prediction. First, Advanced Microwave Sounder Unit A （AMSU-A） and Unit B （AMSU-B） radiance data are directly used by three-dimensional variational data assimilation to improve the background field of the numerical model. Then, the detailed effect of the radiance data on the background field is analyzed. Secondly, the background field, which is formed by application of Advanced Television and Infrared Observation Satellite Operational Vertical Sounder （ATOVS） microwave radiance assimilation, is employed to simulate some heavy rainfall cases. The experiment results show that the assimilation of AMSU-A （B） microwave radiance data has a certain impact on the geopotential height, temperature, relative humidity and flow fields. And the impacts on the background field are mostly similar in the different months in summer. The heavy rainfall experiments reveal that the application of AMSU-A （B） microwave radiance data can improve the rainfall prediction significantly. In particular, the AMSU-A radiance data can significantly enhance the prediction of rainfall above 10 mm within 48 h, and the AMSU-B radiance data can improve the prediction of rainfall above 50 mm within 24 h. The present study confirms that the direct assimilation of satellite radiance data is an effective way to improve the prediction of heavy rainfall in the summer in China.     

A three-dimensional satellite retrieval method for atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles

A three-dimensional variational method is proposed to simultaneously retrieve the 3-D atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles from satellite radiance measurements. To include both vertical structure and the horizontal patterns of the atmospheric temperature and moisture, an EOF technique is used to decompose the temperature and moisture field in a 3-D space. A number of numerical simulations are conducted and they demonstrate that the 3-D method is less sensitive to the observation errors compared to the 1-D method. When the observation error is more than 2.0 K, to get the best results, the truncation number for the EOF＇s expansion have to be restricted to 2 in the 1-D method, while it can be set as large as 40 in a 3-D method. This results in the truncation error being reduced and the retrieval accuracy being improved in the 3-D method. Compared to the 1-D method, the rms errors of the 3-D method are reduced by 48% and 36% for the temperature and moisture retrievals, respectively. Using the real satellite measured brightness temperatures at 0557 UTC 31 July 2002, the temperature and moisture profiles are retrieved over a region （20°-45°N, 100°- 125°E） and compared with 37 collocated radiosonde observations. The results show that the retrieval accuracy with a 3-D method is significantly higher than those with the 1-D method.     

用陆地卫星TM6数据演算地表温度的单窗算法

陆地卫星 TM数据 (TM6)热波段表示地表热辐射和地表温度变化。长期以来 ,从 TM6数据中演算地表温度通常是通过所谓大气校正法。这一方法需要估计大气热辐射和大气对地表热辐射传导的影响 ,计算过程很复杂 ,误差也较大 ,在实际中应用不多。根据地表热辐射传导方程 ,推导出一个简单易行并且精度较高的演算方法 ,把大气和地表的影响直接包括在演算公式中。该算法需要用地表辐射率、大气透射率和大气平均温度 3个参数进行地表温度的演算。验证表明 ,该方法的地表温度演算较高。当参数估计没有误差时 ,该方法的地表温度演算精度达到 <0 .4℃ ,在参数估计有适度误差时 ,演算精度仍达 <1 .1℃。因该方法适用于仅有一个热波段的遥感数据 ,故称为单窗算法。