高温目标辐射亮度比的方向性研究

为研究高温目标在短波红外发射辐射的方向性,建立多角度观测物理模型;以燃烧竹炭作为小面元高温目标,在暗室条件下使用ASD FieldSpec3光谱仪对高温目标的辐射亮度进行多角度观测和分析。仅使用一台光谱仪无法同时获取多个角度的观测数据,且以不同角度观测时,高温目标温度发生明显改变,本文采用一种自定义的降温模型计算多角度观测的参比辐射亮度,并提出一个概念-辐射亮度比(多角度辐射亮度/参比辐射亮度),用以消除高温目标降温的影响。结果表明,降温模型精度很高,辐射亮度比这一概念很好地刻画了高温目标在短波红外辐射的方向性,余弦函数、傅里叶级数均可实现对辐射亮度比随角度变化的高精度拟合。     

HJ-1A星辐射定标及近海水体大气校正的精度验证

以应用HJ-1A星数据进行近海水体定量反演为目的,对HJ-1A星CCD的星上定标系数的精度进行验证,并基于Landsat-5TM数据对其进行交叉定标。在此基础上反演近海水体的反射率,将反演结果与实测水体反射率进行比较发现:对HJ-1A星CCD数据进行交叉定标能在一定程度上能提高近海水体反射率反演的精度。结果表明,HJ-1A星CCD影像的星上定标系数不够精确,在利用该数据进行近海水体的定量反演研究时,需要利用交叉定标对星上定标参数进行修正。     

Laboratory measurements on radon exposure effects on local environmental temperature: Implications for satellite TIR measurements

Surface latent heat flux (SLHF) is proportional to the heat released by phase changes during solidification, evaporation or melting. Effects of SLHF on the earth’s surface could be measured by satellite techniques capable of measuring thermal infrared radiation (TIR). Recent studies have found a possible correlation between SLHF and earthquakes, hence satellite techniques are widely used in research into the possible link between SLHF and earthquakes. Possible fluctuations in SLHF values during seismic periods have been attributed to different causes, such as the expulsion from the ground of greenhouse gases or because of radon. In particular, ionization processes due to radon decay could lead to changes in air temperature. Laboratory experiments have been carried out to highlight the possible role of radon in the thermal environmental conditions of a laboratory-controlled atmospheric volume.     

Markets in the Chinese countryside: the case of “rich Wang’s village”

Social change in rural China is to be understood as a complex interaction of global effects, state and regional actions and competing systems of valuation. An important implication of this model of path dependence is the development of distinctive forms of markets in different regions of the country. One such distinctive model that is emerging in southern Inner Mongolia is based on the independent commodity production of milk (on small dairy farms) for large, capitalist dairy corporations. Yet this production system is also being challenged by the emergence of large, capitalist dairy farms in this region. The outcome of the competition between these two forms of production will depend on locally specific trajectories of costs and opportunities. The long run evolution of this production system is thus not plannable in advance and is locally contingent.     

地表温度反演的数值方法

陆地表面温度(LST)是区域和全球尺度上陆地表面物理过程的一个关键参数,它综合了地表和大气相互作用以及能量交换的结果。研究地表温度对全球能量平衡的研究有着重要的意义。地表温度反演以地表热辐射传输方程为基础,直接求解辐射传输方程是不可能的,也就是说它是不适定的。因此要采用一系列的数值计算方法来求解。主要介绍了几种方程解算的非线性数值方法,并阐述了其大致过程及优缺点。     

适用于遥感应用的辐射传输高精度快速计算方法

准确的散射辐射方向特征与辐射传输能量守恒的物理要求是一切算法的有效性准则。在有限计算资源的限制下,寻找最优的有限展开算法,获得能量守恒物理要求下的散射方向特征的准确性,是多年来辐射传输算法的追求目标。在以有限流数离散化辐射传输方程进行数值求解过程中,要保证数值计算中的积分守恒,流数有限要求粒子散射相函数必须截断,而不合适的截断容易导致解的误差,尤其是当大气中存在强前向散射的大粒子时（如云滴、沙尘暴事件过后的沙尘）,截断的相函数会出现振荡,从而导致解的虚假振荡特性。散射相函数无限扩展可以消除这种虚假振荡,但容易导致数值积分能量不守恒和解的不稳定。本文从原理上对这种虚假振荡和不稳定现象进行了分析,并给出两种用较少流数达到较高的计算精度的高效计算方法,这些算法对于遥感方法研究、GCM气候模式中辐射强迫的参数化研究以及地气系统的能量收支研究,尤其是目前研究较多的云和沙尘等大粒子气候效应有重要意义。     

光学有效载荷高精度绝对辐射定标技术研究

随着多波段、多平台、高光谱分辨率遥感仪器的迅速发展,要求光谱辐射定标技术具有前所未有的高精度和长期测量稳定性。目前,传统辐射定标方法的精度已逐渐难以满足定量遥感应用的需求。本文提出了一种新型基于辐亮度标准探测器的高精度光谱辐射定标先进方法和技术,由于该方法可直接溯源至低温绝对辐射计,其绝对精度和长期稳定性优于传统的基于标准光源法,是提高中国目前光学遥感器实验室、星上和场地替代定标精度的有效途径。该方法已两次成功应用于中国“FY-2”气象卫星04和05星发射前外场定标,实际应用效果表明,它能够有效提高中国卫星遥感器的外场定标精度,对改善中国当前卫星遥感器各阶段定标精度,具有潜在的应用价值。     

不同贝龄毛蚶壳形态性状对体质量的影响

选取毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata Lischke)1龄、2龄和3龄个体各100粒,分别测量壳长、壳高和壳宽等壳形态性状,并称其体质量,采用多元分析的方法分析了各表型性状间的相关性,以及壳形态性状对体质量的影响效果。结果表明,各性状间呈正相关,且达到极显著水平(P0.001);通径分析与决定程度分析的结果相似,不同贝龄期影响毛蚶体质量的主要因素是不同的,壳长是影响1龄毛蚶体质量的主要因素,壳长和壳宽是影响2龄毛蚶体质量的主要因素,且两者的共同决定系数最大(0.244),壳宽是影响3龄毛蚶体质量的主要因素,其与壳高的共同决定系数最大(0.230)。     

Assimilating AMSU-a radiance data with the WRF hybrid En3DVAR system for track predictions of Typhoon Megi (2010)

The impact of assimilating radiances from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) on the track prediction of Typhoon Megi (2010) was studied using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and a hybrid ensemble three-dimensional variational (En3DVAR) data assimilation (DA) system. The influences of tuning the length scale and variance scale factors related to the static background error covariance (BEC) on the track forecast of the typhoon were studied. The results show that, in typhoon radiance data assimilation, a moderate length scale factor improves the prediction of the typhoon track. The assimilation of AMSU-A radiances using 3DVAR had a slight positive impact on track forecasts, even when the static BEC was carefully tuned to optimize its performance. When the hybrid DA was employed, the track forecast was significantly improved, especially for the sharp northward turn after crossing the Philippines, with the flow-dependent ensemble covariance. The flow-dependent BEC can be estimated by the hybrid DA and was capable of adjusting the position of the typhoon systematically. The impacts of the typhoon-specific BEC derived from ensemble forecasts were revealed by comparing the analysis increments and forecasts generated by the hybrid DA and 3DVAR. Additionally, for 24 h forecasts, the hybrid DA experiment with use of the full flow-dependent background error substantially outperformed 3DVAR in terms of the horizontal winds and temperature in the lower and mid-troposphere and for moisture at all levels.     

磴口县景观格局演变特征及生态网络构建

城市生态基础设施是城市可持续发展的基础,西部干旱区生态脆弱性大,县域尺度的生态基础设施网络是保证干旱区城市稳定与发展的重要保障。在快速城市化的背景下,选择西部典型生态脆弱区磴口县为研究区,运用景观格局指数、景观转移网络及核密度分析等方法,分析景观格局演变,在此基础上确定生态源地并分级,基于Cost Path模型提取生态廊道与生态节点,构建城市化背景下基于景观格局演变的磴口县生态基础设施网络。结果表明：2014年磴口县域景观破碎化程度高,景观生态流流动性差,城市与建设用地、荒漠灌木林地、耕地、沙漠之间的转移情况决定了磴口县整体景观变化的特征,2001-2014年共存在28种景观转移关系;基于Cost Path模型构建的县域尺度生态基础设施优化网络共包含391块生态源地、47 466条生态廊道和799个生态节点。针对干旱区构建的县域尺度的城区防护型生态网络,能够为磴口县城市化发展提供重要保障,对干旱区城市生态规划具有重要的参考价值。