Characteristic features of air ions at Mace Head on the west coast of Ireland

Coastal nucleation events and behavior of cluster ions were characterized through the measurements of air ion mobility distributions at the Mace Head research station on the west coast of Ireland in 2006. We measured concentrations of cluster ions and charged aerosol particles in the size range of 0.34–40 nm. These measurements allow us to characterize freshly nucleated charged particles with diameters smaller than 3 nm. The analysis shows that bursts of intermediate ions (1.6–7 nm) are a frequent phenomenon in the marine coastal environment. Intermediate ion concentrations were generally close to zero, but during some nucleation episodes the concentrations increased to several hundreds per cm³. Nucleation events occurred during most of the measurement days. We classified all days into one of seven classes according to the occurrence and type of new particle formation. Nucleation events were observed during 207 days in 2006, most prominently in the spring and summer months. Rain-induced events, in turn, were observed during 132 days. Particle formation and growth events mostly coincided with the presence of low tide. Also small cluster ions (0.34–1.6 nm) were characterized. Average concentrations of small ions were 440 cm^− 3 for the negative ions and 423 cm^− 3 for the positive ions. Average mean mobilities of small ions were 1.86 cm²V^− 1s^− 1 and 1.49 cm²V^− 1s^− 1 for the negative and positive polarities, respectively. Concentrations of small ions were observed to be strongly dependent on the variations of meteorological parameters including wind speed and direction.     

基于RBF和PSO的双喉道气动矢量喷管优化设计

本文探索了一种能多变量综合优化的方法,即对喷管进行参数化设计后,用均匀试验设计(UED)将试验样本均匀散布在设计区间内,求出各性能参数后,利用径向基神经网络(RBF)对试验样本进行拟合,再用粒子群算法(PSO)对训练好的神经网络进行寻优,找出了更好的双喉道气动矢量喷管设计参数组合。数值模拟结果显示,优化后的双喉道气动矢量喷管的矢量角有了明显提高。试验表明这种优化方法具有很好的优化能力,可以用来对喷管几何外形进行参数优化。      

基于卫星辐射率资料的两种三维云反演方法对比研究

基于格点统计插值分析系统（Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation analysis system,简称GSI）,利用粒子滤波（Particle Filter,简称PF）方法对卫星红外辐射率资料进行了云覆盖、云高等三维云图产品的反演研究。选取了具有高时空分辨率的静止卫星GOES（Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites）-Imager辐射率资料进行了云反演试验,初步评估了PF云反演方法的可行性及其与多元极小残差（Multivariate and Minimum Residual,简称MMR）云反演方法的异同。结果表明:两种方法反演得到的云覆盖和云顶气压与NASA基于CO₂切片法反演得到的GOES云产品一致性较高。PF和MMR方法反演产品的优点是云图信息是三维分布的,相对于NASA提供的GOES云产品能提供更全方位立体的云信息。MMR方法需要利用一维变分逐步拟合观测来反演三维云图产品;PF方法采用不同模式垂直层的云覆盖比例作为不同粒子来近似后验概率分布,计算效率大大提高。进一步提出了一种新的基于“扰动粒子”的粒子滤波云反演方法,结果表明:在滤波过程中采用足够多的粒子样本（样本数量约为250）可以改进后验概率密度函数的估计,有效地避免了粒子发散问题,改善了云反演的结果。     

张家口地区一次长时间降雪过程的滴谱特征分析

利用OTT Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪和站点加密观测资料,分析2019年11月29日张家口地区一次长时间降雪天气过程开始、雪花、稳定强降雪、结束4个阶段的滴谱演变特征,结果表明：(1)降雪天气过程中微物理参量(降水强度R、数浓度Nt、雨水含量W、雷达反射率因子Z、质量加权平均直径D_m)演变趋势基本相同,其中开始阶段、稳定强降雪阶段、结束阶段的降水强度、雨水含量、雷达反射率因子受粒子数浓度影响较大,而雪花阶段降水强度、雨水含量、雷达反射率因子受粒子直径影响较大。(2)稳定强降雪阶段,粒子数浓度Nt量级为10³～10⁴个/m³,而D_m<1 mm,这是由于大雪片在温度较低的情况下,下落过程中破碎形成大量小雪片。降雪过程中,雪滴下落速度<2 m/s的粒子数占总粒子数的90%,强降雪阶段的雪滴下落速度集中于1～1.5 m/s。(3)在降雪过程中,最小二乘法拟合效果优于二、三、四阶矩方法。     

Modern Sedimentary Characteristics and Environmental Indication Significance of the Cibi Lake

Based on the particle size test results of 36 surface sediment samples from the Cibi Lake, the spatial distribution characteristics and rules of components were discussed by the combination of natural geographical factors with statistical analysis methods in the basin, which provides scientific evidence and basic data for the study of paleoclimate environment in this region. The results show that:\mathrm{①} The samples mainly include clay, silty and sand, among which silty is the main type in the study area and has the widest distribution due to the disturbance caused by groundwater recharge without obvious spatial variation law;\mathrm{②} The clay distribution is somewhat smaller, and its locality affected by the slope alluvial fan is in the northwest and near the center of the lake, where the sedimentary environment is stable and is the best selected location for the borehole core so that the reconstruction of the paleoclimate environment can be carried out;\mathrm{③} Sand is mainly distributed in the southwest corner and near the north shore of the lake, which is influenced by the rivers entering the lake and human activities, and these two locations have a great influence on the source of surface sediment. Therefore, the management of the north and southwest regions should be strengthened to prevent a large number of pollutants from entering the lake;\mathrm{④} The grain size frequency curve shows that the sediments include suspended and saltant components. Besides the formation by their own biochemistry, other materials come from the aeolian sediments in the basin, and the coarse particles transported over a long distance have a great impact on the grain size components. Section CB-1 indicates that transport process and distribution are significantly affected by the southwest monsoon and more attention should be paid to the prevention and control of pollution at the river inlet and upwind area.     

结合PCA、多尺度分割及SVM的ASTER遥感蚀变信息提取

为了利用遥感影像进行更加精确的找矿预测,本文选择新疆东天山尾亚地区ASTER数据进行矿化蚀变信息提取方法研究.为了提高信息提取精度,本文提出了结合主成分分析(PCA)、多尺度分割和支持向量机(SVM)的遥感矿化蚀变信息提取方法.首先,分析ASTER数据的特征,选取各矿化蚀变信息的特征波段,对组合波段进行主成分分析,获得...     

东海秋季典型站位沉降颗粒物通量

2002年9月在东海的长江口、中陆架区和浙江近岸上升流区三个站位放置沉积物捕获器采集沉降颗粒物。在对颗粒有机碳(POC)、颗粒有机氮(PON)和总颗粒碳(PC)元素分析基础上,采用颗粒物通量模型对沉降通量进行了研究。镜检发现细小无机颗粒物和大颗粒聚合体是三个站位沉降颗粒物的主要形式。大颗粒聚合体有住囊类、粪球聚合体、硅藻聚合体和混杂聚合体四种类型。研究结果显示,东海中陆架区和浙江近岸上升流区沉降颗粒物中POC、PON和PC的百分含量均呈现随水深增加明显降低的趋势,但在长江口,这些成分的含量低且上下均匀。长江口观测到的是大风后的一个实例,存在强烈的再悬浮,各水层颗粒物沉降通量平均(±SE)高达(319.02±65.33)g/(m2.d),尽管如此,沉降颗粒物有机态C/N值却很高(18.0±0.9),明显受陆源颗粒物的影响。POC净沉降通量在浙江近岸上升流区为961mg/(m2.d)(水深55m),在东海中陆架区为123mg/(m2.d)(水深88m),可见浙江近岸上升流区是POC向海底转移的重要区域之一,其垂直转移能力明显高于东海中陆架区。在上升流区域和中陆架区,POC的输出比率大约分别为48%—77%和15%—21%。浙江近岸上升流区和东海中陆架区底层颗粒物再悬浮比率分别为66.50%和88.52%。研究显示,浙江近岸上升流区的水体底层颗粒物受底部平流的影响比东海中陆架区相对较强。     

气象条件对蜜脆苹果品质的影响

根据伊犁州林业科学研究院2013—2019年分别从5个县不同的果园采样的品质检测资料,结合相应站点的气象资料,运用数理统计方法,研究了气象因子对蜜脆苹果主要品质构成因子(果实大小、可溶性固形物、酸度、果实硬度)的影响,从影响要素上来看,气温、降水、日照时数和相对湿度是影响蜜脆苹果品质最主要的气象因子,影响时段主要集中在5～9月。     

Exposure to extreme climate decreases self-rated health score: Large-scale survey evidence from China

High temperature is a growing threat and impacts public health through different exposure mechanisms. Our study constructs a comprehensive exposure measurement based on temperature variability, duration, and effective influence range. We investigate human responses to high temperatures through self-rated health scores based on individual-level data from China Labor-force Dynamic Survey (CLDS). Results show that higher temperature and temperature variability significantly decrease self-rated health scores. Subjective health risk is most significantly related to the cumulative temperature in the previous two weeks. We also find that the exposure effects at night and on weekdays are more severe. Workers who experience greater exposure from commuting and work environments are negatively impacted by high temperatures. In addition, men, the elderly, middle and low education groups, rural residents are more likely to be impacted by high temperatures.