The hunt for Precambrian fossils: An abbreviated genealogy of the science

In 1859, in his great work On the Origin of Species, Darwin repeatedly raised what he regarded to be the most serious problem facing his theory of evolution – the lack of fossils predating the rise of shelly invertebrates that marks the beginning of the Cambrian Period of geological time (550 Ma), an “inexplicable” absence that could be “truly urged as a valid argument” against his all-embracing synthesis. This missing early fossil record posed a major dilemma, for Darwin's theory demanded firm linkage from the less advanced to the more evolved, from primitive microbes to protozoans to the rich faunas of the basal Phanerozoic for which no fossil evidence was known. For more than 100 years, the history of Precambrian life stood out as one of the greatest unsolved problems in natural science. In recent decades, however, understanding of life's early evolution has changed markedly as the documented fossil record has been extended seven-fold to some 3500 Ma, an age more than three-quarters that of the planet. This long-sought solution to Darwin's dilemma was set in motion by a small vanguard of workers who blazed the trail in the 1950s and 1960s, just as their course was charted by a few prescient pioneers of the previous century. All workers today, including the 28 participants in the recently held World Summit on Ancient Microscopic Fossils, have roots that can be traced to the pathfinders of a half-century ago.     

青藏高原错鄂钻孔更新世早期古气候变化周期及其气候-构造意义

青藏高原在晚新生代的构造隆升对全球气候环境变化影响巨大,因此研究青藏高原构造隆升与气候变化之间的关系具有重要意义。以往对青藏高原湖泊沉积物古气候重建研究多集中于晚更新世至全新世阶段,而更新世早期的相关研究较为缺乏。错鄂钻孔(CE)揭露了整套第四纪地层,其中岩芯124.6~174.4 m地层连续,古地磁年龄约为1.8~2.6 Ma,是进行青藏高原更新世早期古气候变化周期及其影响因素研究的良好材料。本研究使用Acycle软件对错鄂钻孔1.8~2.6 Ma的425个样品磁化率(χ)、饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)和非磁滞剩磁磁化率(χ_ARM)3个磁学指标进行频谱分析。频谱分析结果显示3个磁学指标均表现出100 ka和22 ka的周期。其中,100 ka周期可能是受东亚季风的影响,说明在更新世早期,东亚季风可进入高原内部影响错鄂湖区的气候变化;22 ka周期可能是源于印度季风的影响。全球冰量在这一时期对东亚季风和错鄂湖区气候环境变化影响较小,因此错鄂钻孔中没有记录到41 ka的周期。2.2 Ma时岩芯磁化率100 ka周期滤波振幅变大,结合前人孢粉记录显示这一时期存在一次气候干旱事件,推测2.2 Ma时青藏高原发生局部构造活动导致印度季风对错鄂湖区的影响减弱,并发生干旱事件。这也使得错鄂湖区在2.6~2.2 Ma气候变化主要受印度季风影响,在2.2 Ma之后转变为主要受东亚季风影响。

     

桩入土前后软土地基Ps值的对比试验研究

软土中摩擦桩承载力随时间而增加的现象,早已为人们所认识.从20世纪40年代以来,国内外岩土工程界惯用静荷载法,对不同类型、不同长度的桩,在不同土层中进行对比试验,获得了软土中摩擦桩承载力随时间而增加的实际资料.笔者结合工程实践,应用静力触探法,进行桩入土前后Ps值增加的对比试验研究.根据Ps值的增幅,计算不同土层中桩侧摩阻力的增幅,而后确定摩擦桩承载力随时间而增长的幅度.同时,可以根据Ps值的增幅,判定砂性土层液化指数的降幅和Es的增幅.     

广东南雄盆地白垩系—古近系界线

在过去的30年中有数支考察队在广东南雄盆地进行了白垩纪和古近纪地层多学科的系统研究。本文综合了南雄盆地近年的岩石地层学、磁性地层学、地球化学、古生物学方面的研究成果和湖北新洲盆地时代相当于浓山组的地层中得到的同位素年龄,认为上湖组时代大体上与Danian期相当,或相当于北美哺乳动物分期Puercan和Torrejo-nian期,其底界接近于白垩系—古近系界线。     

热液流体中贵金属发生沉淀时硫化物表面特性

热液流体中贵金属发生沉淀时硫化物表面特性ＨＦ＋ＨＣＩ酸的分解作用可用来分离脉金矿床中硅酸盐相和碳酸盐相的矿石矿物。本次研究所选用的矿石为津巴布韦四个太古宙脉金矿床。矿床为中温热液类型（２５０一４００℃）。矿石结构研究表明,在硫化物表面存在一种特殊颗粒...     

Study On Development And Application Of A Regional Pbl Numerical Model

A regional scale (a few km to a few hundred km, minutes to days)planetary boundary layer (PBL) numerical model (RPBLM) has been successfully developed to simulateprecisely the boundary-layer three-dimensional characteristics. The RPBLM model with a high-resolutionnon-hydrostatic E - turbulence closure scheme has been applied to diagnose and prognosticate the PBL characteristicsover a complex underlying surface in the Hong Kong area of 60 km × 48 km. It is shown that the RPBLMmodel can be used to simulate the PBL characteristics including wind, temperature, water vapour andturbulence over such a complex underlying surface and that the simulated result is reasonably in agreementwith observations.     

Sedimentation within and among mangrove forests along a gradient of geomorphological settings

Coastal wetlands provide important ecological services to the coastal zone, one of which is sediment retention. In this study we investigated sediment retention across a range of geomorphological settings and across vegetation zones comprising coastal wetlands. We selected six coastal wetlands dominated by mangroves over a gradient from riverine to tidal settings in Southeast Queensland, Australia. Each site was comprised of three distinct vegetation communities distributed as parallel zones to the coast line: seaward fringe mangroves, landward scrub mangroves and saltmarsh/ cyanobacteria mat of the high intertidal zone. We measured suspended sediment retention and sedimentation rates. Additionally, in order to assess the origin of sediment transported and deposited in the mangroves, glomalin, a novel terrestrial soil carbon tracer, was used. Our results show a mean average sedimentation of 0.64 ± 0.01 mg cm⁻² spring tide⁻¹, which was variable within sites, regardless of geomorphological setting. However, geomorphological setting influenced spatial patterns of sediment deposition. Riverine mangroves had a more homogeneous distribution of sediments across the intertidal zone than tidal mangroves, where most sedimentation occurred in the fringe zone. Overall, the fringe zone retained the majority of sediment entering the coastal wetland during a tidal cycle with 0.90 ± 0.22 mg cm⁻² spring tide⁻¹, accounting for 52.5 ± 12.5% of the total sedimentation. The presence of glomalin in suspended sediments, and thus the relative importance of terrigenous sediment, was strongly influenced by geomorphological setting, with riverine mangroves receiving more glomalin in suspended solids than tidal mangroves. Glomalin was also differentially deposited within the vegetation zones at different geomorphological settings: primarily at the fringe zone of tidal mangroves and within the scrub zone of riverine mangroves. The differences we observed in the spatial distribution of sedimentation and the difference in the origin of the sediment deposited in riverine and tidal mangroves are likely to have an impact on ecological processes.     

不同循环饥饿-投喂策略对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼生长和水质的影响

研究了不同饥饿-投喂策略对珍珠龙胆石斑鱼(Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×Epinephelus lanceolatus♂)的生长和能量收支的影响。实验包括3个处理:C(持续投喂);S1R3(饥饿1d,投喂3d);S1R7(饥饿1d,投喂7d);S1R11(饥饿1d,投喂11d)。实验在生产性水泥养殖池中进行,养殖池规格为6m*6m,水深1.1m,日换水率为400%,珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的养殖密度为18.3ind·m-2。研究结果表明,处理组S1R7和S1R11石斑鱼末体重与对照差异不显著(P>0.05),而S1R3处理鱼末体重则显著低于对照(P<0.05);3个处理石斑鱼特定生长率变化趋势与末体重相似,处理组S1R7和S1R11石斑鱼与对照差异不显著(P>0.05),而S1R3处理则显著低于对照(P<0.05);处理组S1R7和S1R11石斑鱼摄食率与对照相比差异不显著(P>0.05),S1R3则显著低于对照组(P<0.05);处理组S1R7和S1R11石斑鱼饲料系数与对照相比差异不显著(P>0.05),S1R3则显著高于对照组(P<0.05);从各处理水质状况比较,S1R3和S1R7处理各指标浓度总体上要显著低于对照组(P<0.05),但S1R11处理与对照差异不大(P>0.05)。综合生长和水质指标可以看出,适宜的饥饿-投喂策略并不影响珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的正常生长。在本研究条件下,饥饿1天,投喂7d的循环投喂模式下,珍珠龙胆石斑鱼生长与对照相比差异不大,表现出完全补偿生长效应,水质指标则明显优于持续投喂。这一研究结果对于珍珠龙胆石斑鱼工厂化养殖技术与管理水平的提高具有一定的参考价值。     

南极格罗夫山陨石GRV 020043—一个特殊的E/H过渡型球粒陨石

南极格罗夫山陨石GRV 020043是一块特殊的球粒陨石,虽与普通球粒陨石有着相似的矿物组合,但矿物成分超出普通球粒陨石范围.主要矿物组合及其模式含量(vol%)是:斜方辉石40、橄榄石24、透辉石8、斜长石10、 Fe-Ni合金14、陨硫铁4 vol%、及少量铬铁矿和磷灰石.主要组成矿物成分均一,如斜方辉石(Fs10...