湖相烃源岩原始有机质恢复与生排烃效率定量研究 ——以东营凹陷古近系沙河街组四段优质烃源岩为例

在烃源岩沉积有机相精细划分的基础上,优选东营凹陷古近系沙河街组四段的优质烃源岩样品,建立了完整的自然演化地球化学剖面,并应用物质平衡法,开展了原始有机质恢复和生排烃效率定量计算。计算结果表明,沙河街组四段主力供烃区间内的优质烃源岩具有高生排烃效率和原始有机质丰度恢复系数,其中深层高过成熟阶段排烃效率可达70%~80%,原始有机质丰度恢复系数可达1.5~2.0,较以往资源评价中采用的数值有较明显提高。据该结果推算,东营凹陷沙河街组四段的总排烃量总体上将有一定程度的提高,其中中浅层烃源岩的资源贡献有所降低,而深层烃源岩的资源贡献有较大幅度升高,主力烃源岩埋藏深度有下沉的趋势,这预示着深层具有丰富的资源基础和勘探前景。研究成果对于济阳坳陷乃至整个渤海湾盆地的油气资源潜力再认识和深层油气藏勘探具有重要的指导意义。     

河南宜阳地区陆相二叠系—三叠系界线附近 微生物成因沉积构造特征及意义

有关微生物成因沉积构造及其生物地质过程的研究近年来发展迅速,成为深刻认识地球早期生命演化以及生物与环境相互作用过程的重要桥梁。目前报道的微生物成因沉积构造主要集中在海相沉积中,而陆相碎屑岩沉积中的微生物成因沉积构造研究较少。本文介绍了河南省宜阳地区二叠系—三叠系界线附近陆相碎屑岩中发育的以微生物席生长特征、微生物席破坏特征为主的微生物成因沉积构造,认为这些沉积构造的发育与二叠纪末地质灾变事件造成的特殊水体化学环境和严重退化的生态系统相关,属陆相环境中的"错时相"沉积。研究区微生物成因沉积构造的发现对于二叠纪末地质灾变期生物绝灭与复苏奥秘的探索、陆相地层的划分、海相—陆相地层的对比均具有重要意义。     

赣南6722铀矿床钛铀矿—晶质铀矿—铀石—沥青铀矿显微共生组合的厘定及成因意义

通过235U诱发裂变径迹及电子探针测试综合研究,在6722铀矿床的含矿隐爆角砾岩胶结物中首次发现钛铀矿—晶质铀矿—铀石—沥青铀矿显微共生组合。这样一种在1 cm2(光薄片)范围内分布,而且不存在任何脉状相互穿插现象的钛铀矿—晶质铀矿—铀石—沥青铀矿显微共生组合表明其形成于同一成矿物理化学体系中。根据UO2—TiO 2—H2O体系稳定场,确定6722铀矿床中钛铀矿—晶质铀矿—铀石—沥青铀矿显微共生组合形成温度范围为250~350℃,属中—高温热液成因。     

西秦岭中—新生代红层的构造层划分及其构造意义

西秦岭及其邻区中—新生代红层地层包括白垩系、古近系和新近系。这些红层地层的沉积组合、构造变形、空间分布及相互关系等是西秦岭中—新生代陆内地质过程的客观记录,对其系统研究是重建西秦岭及其邻区中—新生代构造演化过程之基础。依据这些红层地层之间的角度不整合、沉积序列与沉积环境、空间分布型式和构造线方向及构造样式,西秦岭及邻区中—新生代红层地层可分为早白垩世、晚白垩世、古近纪—新近纪三个构造层。三个构造层对应于西秦岭中—新生代陆内构造演化的三个不同阶段,即早白垩世北东向盆—山构造、晚白垩世区域左旋走滑拉分构造和渐新世—上新世区域伸展泛盆地阶段。结合印支期多块体拼贴形成的中国大陆中—新生代陆内构造格局与岩石圈动力学过程分析,认为西秦岭早白垩世北东向盆山构造格局是中生代以来西太平洋板块向西俯冲导致的东亚区域性伸展构造的组成部分;晚白垩世走滑拉分盆地则是白垩纪拉萨地块与羌塘—昌都地块汇聚碰撞背景下中国西北大陆区域性左旋走滑作用的结果;而渐新世—上新世的泛盆地阶段则指示了印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞的远程构造—地貌响应之前经历了漫长区域伸展均衡坳陷和侵蚀夷平期,这说明上新世,西秦岭尚未成为现今青藏高原的组成部分,也就是说新生代以来印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞汇聚的构造响应起始于上新世末期。     

郯庐断裂带南段张八岭群变质岩的原岩时代及其构造意义

大别造山带东缘郯庐断裂带上分布着绿片岩相变质的张八岭群。对于它们的原岩时代长期没有同位素年代学数据,而其变形与变质原因也一直没有明确的认识。本次工作中选择了该带上8处张八岭群变火山岩进行了锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年。结果表明,它们的原岩时代为748~750 Ma,属于新元古代中期的南华纪,为扬子板块下部盖层而非前人认为的变质基底。结合张八岭群的变形与变质特征及前人白云母40Ar/39Ar定年结果,并与大别造山带进行对比,本文认为大别造山带东南缘张八岭群的变形与变质是造山带内俯冲与折返的结果,而其东缘郯庐断裂带内张八岭群的变形与变质是碰撞造山期该断裂带左行走滑活动所致。这些认识再次为郯庐断裂带起源于华北与扬子板块的碰撞过程中提供了重要的证据,也支持其造山期起源于陆内转换断层或斜向汇聚边界。     

NTSC时频比对中的Galileo E3总时延校准

为了提升时间传递链路的可靠性, 国际权度局(Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, BIPM)自\lk2020年起将Galileo时间比对正式作为UTC (Coordinated Universal Time)计算的备份链路, 因此对接收机Ga-lileo信号时延校准是全球各守时实验室参与UTC链路的必要工作. 以德国物理技术研究院(Physikalisch-Tech-nische Bundesanstalt, PTB)和中国科学院国家授时中心(National Time Service Center, NTSC)已校准的GPS (Global Positioning System)链路为参考, 将PT09接收机设为参考站, 对NTSC的NT02和NT05两台不同型号接收机的Galileo E3 (Galileo E1&E5a)总时延进行校准并验证. 结果表明: NT02和NT05 Galileo E3总时延分别为74.6ns和46.5ns, 校准不确定度均为3.5ns, 且校准时延比较稳定; NT02和NT05校准后与其他守时实验室已校准接收机的GPS P3和Galileo E3链路的共视比对结果基本一致; 以NTP3与其他实验室接收机GPS P3链路的共视比对结果为参考, 其偏差均值均小于1.5ns, 在校准不确定度范围内.     

Differentiating (historic) responsibilities for climate change

Following the conclusion of the official work of the Ad Hoc Group for the Modelling and Assessment of Contributions to Climate Change (MATCH), this article considers the politically more sensitive aspect of the Brazilian proposal, namely the issue of differentiating (historic) responsibility for, and not merely (causal) contribution to climate change. Its aim is (1) to highlight the fact that, while related, the two issues (‘contribution to’ and ‘responsibility for’) are fundamentally different and should not be confused, and (2) to propose a methodology for calculating shares of responsibility as opposed to the shares in causal contribution arrived at through the MATCH results. Two conceptions of responsibility (‘strict’ or ‘limited’) are applied in order to operationalize the notion of ‘respective capabilities’ given in Article 3.1 of the UNFCCC. The key message resulting from the calculations is that causal contribution—while an important indicator of (environmental) relevance to the problem—must not be confused with the moral responsibility for it. The rather large difference between the responsibilities at the two extremes of the scale under both conceptions gives pause for thought as to what sorts of burdens can justly be demanded in any application of the UNFCCC principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, whether in the context of the Brazilian proposal or beyond.     

Sectoral approaches for a post-2012 climate regime: a taxonomy

Sectoral approaches have been gaining currency in the international climate debate as a possible remedy to the shortfalls of the Kyoto Protocol. Proponents argue that a sector-based architecture can more easily invite the participation of developing countries, address competitiveness issues, and enable immediate emissions reductions. However, given the numerous proposals, much confusion remains as to what sectoral approaches actually are. This article provides a simple, yet comprehensive, taxonomy of the various proposals for sectoral approaches. Based on the dual criteria of content and actors, three such types are identified and described: government targets and timetables; industry targets and timetables; and transnational technology cooperation. For each of these types, existing proposals and ongoing initiatives are discussed. In a second step, the article analyses the political landscape in which sectoral approaches are being debated, identifying the interests of their key advocates as well as the concerns of their critics. The Japanese government and energy-intensive manufacturing industries represent the main proponents of sectoral approaches to address the problems of carbon leakage and economic competitiveness. Developing countries, on the other hand, are wary of attempts to impose emissions reduction targets on their economies through sectoral target-setting. They, therefore, interpret sectoral approaches as sector-based forms of technology cooperation and technology transfer.     

Building bridges to 2020 and beyond: the road from Bali

What would the shape of a realistic, yet ambitious, package for the climate regime after 2012 look like? How do we obtain a package deal starting in Bali but building bridges to a post-2020 climate regime? A fair, effective, flexible and inclusive package deal has to strike a core balance between development and climate imperatives (mitigation, adaptation, dealing with the impacts of response measures, technology transfer, investment and finance) to create bargaining space and establish a conceptual contract zone. Within a continuum of possible packages, two packages in the contract zone are identified: ‘multi-stage’ and ‘ambitious transitional’. The latter is ambitious, combining domestic cap-and-trade for the USA, deeper cuts for Annex B countries, and quantifiable mitigation actions by developing countries. It is transitional as a possible bridge to a more inclusive regime beyond 2020. Multi-stage is defined around mechanisms by which countries move through increasingly stringent levels of participation, and must be based upon agreed triggers. Our assessment of political dynamics is that multi-stage is not yet in the political contract zone. Key to this is the absence of a ‘trigger from the North’, in that the largest historical emitter must act earlier and most decisively. But progress will also depend on continued leadership from Annex B countries, as well as more proactive, incentivized leadership in the South. Agreeing on the transitional stage is the critical next step in the evolution of the climate regime. Negotiating any package will require an institutional space for bargaining, political leadership and trust, and a clear time-frame.     

Geophysical signatures over and around the northern segment of the 85°E Ridge,Mahanadi offshore,Eastern Continental Margin of India: Tectonic implications

The nature and origin of the subsurface 85°E Ridge in the Bay of Bengal has remained enigmatic till date despite several theories proposed by earlier researchers. We reinterpreted the recently acquired high quality multichannel seismic reflection data over the northern segment of the ridge that traverses through the Mahanadi offshore, Eastern Continental Margin of India and mapped the ridge boundary and its northward continuity. The ridge is characterized by complex topography, multilayer composition, intrusive bodies and discrete nature of underlying crust. The ridge is associated with large amplitude negative magnetic and gravity anomalies. The negative gravity response across the ridge is probably due to emplacement of relatively low density material as well as ∼2–3 km flexure of the Moho. The observed broad shelf margin basin gravity anomaly in the northern Mahanadi offshore is due to the amalgamation of the 85°E Ridge material with that of continental and oceanic crust. The negative magnetic anomaly signature over the ridge indicates its evolution in the southern hemisphere when the Earth’s magnetic field was normally polarized. The presence of ∼5 s TWT thick sediments over the acoustic basement west of the ridge indicates that the underlying crust is relatively old, Early Cretaceous age.The present study indicates that the probable palaeo-location of Elan Bank is not between the Krishna–Godavari and Mahanadi offshores, but north of Mahanadi. Further, the study suggests that the northern segment of the 85°E Ridge may have emplaced along a pseudo fault during the Mid Cretaceous due to Kerguelen mantle plume activity. The shallow basement east of the ridge may have formed due to the later movement of the microcontinents Elan Bank and Southern Kerguelen Plateau along with the Antarctica plate.