基于多源数据的地表覆盖制图与分析——以广东省广州市为例

地表覆盖数据是关于土地利用信息的重要来源,在地理国情监测、气候变化研究、生态环境评估等方面发挥着重要的作用。本文以广东省广州市作为研究区域,利用OSM数据结合FROM-GLC数据和Landsat-8遥感影像数据,对研究区域地表覆盖进行分类并完成地表覆盖制图。实验结果表明,利用OSM数据进行地表覆盖制图结果总体精度较高,具有可用性,但是OSM数据空白区域占比较大,有数据区域个别要素数量较少,在参考选取样本时,样本代表性不够高,部分类型的地表覆盖分类精度较低。     

Point and Diffuse Nutrient Emissions and Transports in the Odra Basin and its Main Tributaries

The river Odra is one of the biggest transboundary rivers in Central Europe. The basin is characterized by an area of 110 074 km?sk (upstream Krajnik Dolny) and a population of about 15.5 million inhabitants. Compared with the Westeuropean river basins the specific runoff of the Odra basin is low and amounts only 4.5 L km?sk s–1. The long term changes of the average annual nutrient transport of the Odra at Krajnik Dolny show for the period 1991 to 1994 a low reduction for phosphorus but no changes for nitrogen. For the period of 1991 to 1994 an inventory of the point sources produces emissions of 10.7 kt a–1 P and 54.4 kt a–1 N upstream of the station Krajnik Dolny/Schwedt. Emissions from agricultural land and urban areas represent the main diffuse sources. A range of 68 to 96 kt a–1 N and 3.3 to 3.9 kt a–1 P were estimated for the total diffuse emissions depending on the database and the method of modeling. The emission situation of the river is characterized by a high dominance of point sources in the case of phosphorus (about 73%). For nitrogen the diffuse emissions dominate the total emissions to an amount between 59 and 67%. Compared to the emissions the nutrient transport is low. An average load of 5.1 kt a–1 P and 70.1 kt a–1 N was observed at the station Krajnik Dolny for the period 1991 to 1994. The emission and load situation within the main tributaries of the river Odra is comparable to the whole basin. The big difference between the total emissions and the observed load refers to intensive retention and loss processes within the river system of the Odra.     

An analysis of vehicular exhaust derived nanoparticles and historical Belgium fortress building interfaces

Air pollution monitoring is one of the most important features in contamination risk management. This is because many of the compounds contained within air pollution present a serious risk both for the preservation of open air cultural heritage and for human health. New particle formation is a major contributor to urban pollution, but how it occurs in cities is often puzzling. As more and more people enjoy an increased quality of life through outdoor activity, managing outdoor air quality is vital. This study presents the application of a low-cost system for monitoring the current level of road traffic passengers’ exposure to particulate air contamination. The global rise in tourism also leads to apprehension about its probable destructive influence on various aspects of global preservation. One of the major risks encountered by tourists, stemming from modes of transport, are nanoparticles (NPs) (≤100 ​nm) and ultra-fine particles (UFPs) (100–1000 ​nm) consisting of potentially hazardous elements (PHEs). This study examines Steen Castle, a medieval fortress located in Antwerp, Belgium. Significant NPs with PHEs, were found in the air sampled in this area. The self-made passive sampler (LSPS) described in this study, consisting of retainers specially designed for advanced microscopic analysis, is used for the first time as a simple way to characterize the surrounding atmospheric contamination caused by NPs and UFPs, without the need of other commonly employed more expensive particulate focused active samplers such as cascade impactors. This study aims to assess the result of the utilization of a low-cost, LSPS, to determine outdoor NPs and UFPs in a Belgian urban (Steen Castle) and rural area (Fort van Schoten). This work is the first to detail the usefulness of LSPS for the evaluation of Belgium’s outdoor air for NPs and UFPs, which contain PHEs.     

引水补源工程对黛溪河流域地下水补给效果浅析

南水北调是国家级的重大水利工程,调水效果最终依赖于接收调水地区对调水的具体利用,引水补源工程是南水北调工程在邹平市的具体利用。为评价引水补源工程对黛溪河流域地下水的补给效果,在分析邹平市引水补源工程实施后黛溪河流域地下水资源的各个补给项的基础上,采用水均衡法计算各个地下水补给量,确定了黛溪河流域引水补源的总补给量。将总补给量视为本区地下水可开采资源量,将地下水可开采资源量与本区用水所需的地下水开采量相比较,对本区地下水资源可开采潜力进行了评价,论证了引水补源工程可有效缓解区内地下水超采问题。另外,还充分利用年地下水动态和多年地下水位动态变化等监测资料,揭示了引水补源工程对区内地下水的有效补充作用,为区内合理开发利用地下水资源提供了依据。     

斑岩钼-热液脉状铅锌银矿成矿系统特征、控制因素及勘查指示

斑岩钼矿与热液脉状铅锌银矿为两类重要的矿床类型,两者往往分别独立产出,但越来越来的勘查实例揭示二者也可共生产出,构成统一的成矿系统。斑岩钼-热液脉状铅锌银成矿系统,主要分布在北美西部、加拿大西南部、中国秦岭-大别地区、华北北缘及西拉沐伦带、大兴安岭北段-额尔古纳等地区。根据斑岩钼矿与热液脉状铅锌银矿的平面关系,成矿系统可分为近源和远源两类：近源时,两者直接叠置或者平面距离小于2km;而远源时,两类矿化平面距离一般不超过6km。成矿系统空间上表现可为上铅-锌-银、下钼的垂向叠置或者内钼、外铅-锌-银侧向共存的形式。时间上两类矿化一般近同期形成,或者相差通常不超过8Myr。成矿系统岩浆性质多为高演化的钙碱性花岗质岩浆,起源于下地壳且加入了不同比例的地幔物质。成矿系统的蚀变特征一般为斑岩钼矿化蚀变向热液脉状铅锌银矿蚀变的渐变,其中粘土化带与绢英岩化带是两类矿床的叠加区。钼矿化常与钾硅酸盐化或者绢英岩化带内侧密切相关,铅锌银矿化则常与浅部的低温硅化-绢云母-伊利石-水白云母化、碳酸盐化密切相关。基于S、Pb、Sr、Nd等同位素研究成果,钼铅锌银系统中成矿物质主要为岩浆来源,但可能有地层物质的加入。成矿流体主要以岩浆水来源为主,初始流体通常为单相中低密度流体,辉钼矿沉淀往往伴随着减压沸腾、大气水混合、冷却及/或水岩反应的进行,发生大规模钼矿化的温度区间通常在300~450℃。浅部脉状铅锌银矿化则由持续降温的流体在混入较多大气水或流体pH值中和而形成,温度区间在175~320℃。成矿系统空间上钼-铅-锌-银的分带,可能受控于流体演化过程中上述多个过程的综合叠加作用。通过总结对比钼铅锌银成矿系统、单一斑岩钼矿、单一热液脉状铅锌银矿床在勘查历史、构造因素、成矿岩体属性、流体特征、特征矿物、地球物理-地球化学勘查指标等方面的异同,本文提出了指示浅部热液脉状铅锌银矿之下同一成矿系统深部斑岩钼矿的找矿标志,且对该成矿系统形成的岩浆性质、岩浆-热液系统、成矿元素、构造条件、保存条件等多个方面进行了探讨。在前人基础上,本文提出本类成矿系统理论研究展望：1）利用微区原位技术分辨矿物的不同期次及元素的分布状态,进而获得该类型铅锌银矿相对准确的成矿年龄;2）确定斑岩钼-热液脉状铅锌银成矿系统的初始流体成矿元素和相关配位剂元素的含量;3）建立钼铅锌银成矿系统的矿物学指示标志;4）查明成矿系统岩浆过程、元素行为等精细成矿过程,研究其与其他成矿系统的差异。上述问题的深入研究和找矿标志的提出或将提高对斑岩钼-脉状铅锌银成矿系统成矿过程的认识,为该类系统勘查找矿工作提供理论支撑。     

DBSCAN Clustering Algorithm for the Detection of Nearby Open Clusters Based on Gaia-DR2two

In this paper, we attempt to use the DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise) clustering algorithm to detect nearby open clusters based on the Gaia Data Release 2 (Gaia-DR2). We select 594284 stars (within a distance of 100 pc to the Sun) from the Gaia-DR2 catalog, and construct a five-dimensional phase space (three-dimensional spatial position and two-dimensional proper motion) in order to obtain reliable cluster members. At the data preprocessing stage, we normalize each dimension of data to the [0, 1] interval in order to avoid the effect of inconsistent units. Then, we use the k-dist graphs to determine the input parameters of the DBSCAN Algorithm. Finally, we obtain 133 reliable members using the DBSCAN algorithm, which correspond to two open clusters—Hyades and Coma. According to these cluster members, the distances to the Hyades and Coma clusters are determined to be (6.5 ± 0.3) pc and (4.9 ± 0.4) pc, respectively.     

Gap analysis on open data interconnectivity for disaster risk research

Open data strategies are being adopted in disaster-related data particularly because of the need to provide information on global targets and indicators for implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. In all phases of disaster risk management including forecasting, emergency response and post-disaster reconstruction, the need for interconnected multidisciplinary open data for collaborative reporting as well as study and analysis are apparent, in order to determine disaster impact data in timely and reportable manner. The extraordinary progress in computing and information technology in the past decade, such as broad local and wide-area network connectivity (e.g. Internet), high-performance computing, service and cloud computing, big data methods and mobile devices, provides the technical foundation for connecting open data to support disaster risk research. A new generation of disaster data infrastructure based on interconnected open data is evolving rapidly. There are two levels in the conceptual model of Linked Open Data for Global Disaster Risk Research (LODGD) Working Group of the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA), which is the Committee on Data of the International Council for Science (ICSU): data characterization and data connection. In data characterization, the knowledge about disaster taxonomy and data dependency on disaster events requires specific scientific study as it aims to understand and present the correlation between specific disaster events and scientific data through the integration of literature analysis and semantic knowledge discovery. Data connection concepts deal with technical methods to connect distributed data resources identified by data characterization of disaster type. In the science community, interconnected open data for disaster risk impact assessment are beginning to influence how disaster data are shared, and this will need to extend data coverage and provide better ways of utilizing data across domains where innovation and integration are now necessarily needed.     

柴达木盆地水岩硼含量分布特征及其富集区域物源探讨

柴达木盆地盐湖是我国重要的硼资源富集区和成矿区。针对盆地内不同盐湖硼资源富集程度的差异性,本文采集柴达木盆地北缘河水和泉水样品,分析其硼和锂含量、矿化度和pH值,结合柴达木盆地不同流域补给水及蚀源区岩石已有的硼锂含量,总结盆地水岩体系硼锂含量地球化学特征,并对柴达木盆地北缘富硼盐湖物源进行了探讨。结果表明,柴达木盆地北缘祁连山流域水体和岩石硼含量均较阿尔金山和昆仑山流域高,而其锂含量均较昆仑山那棱格勒河流域低,显示柴达木盆地北缘水岩相对富硼贫锂的地球化学特征。综合对比柴达木盆地不同流域硼锂资源分布,显示出整个盆地硼锂含量的不均一性和不同步性特征。针对柴达木盆地北缘富硼盐湖的物源研究,主要归纳为祁连山系围岩（含电气石花岗岩）的风化淋滤、深部富硼地下水补给和含盐风成沉积溶滤输入成因,其中深部富硼地下水补给为最主要的来源。     

柴达木盆地中部高Mg/Li盐湖卤水富镁物源探讨

为了查清那棱格勒河尾闾盐湖—一里坪、西台、东台和察尔汗盐湖别勒滩区段高Mg/Li卤水富镁的主控因素及成因,系统采集了柴达木盆地那棱格勒河水、流域围岩和尾闾盐湖卤水样品,进行水样、岩样元素含量及矿物组合分析。结果表明,河水阴阳离子含量特征为Na~+>Ca~(2+)>Mg~(2+)和Cl~->HCO~-_3>SO■;与河水相比,卤水Ca~(2+)和HCO~-_3含量降低,Na~+、K~+、Cl~-和SO■明显富集,二者具有相似的Mg~(2+)离子含量所占阳离子总量的百分比(～25%);与南海海水和青海湖湖水蒸发曲线对比,卤水的镁含量落在曲线上,说明卤水富镁是由河水输入、蒸发浓缩控制的,而非盆地古湖自西向东浓缩迁移的结果;通过那陵格勒河流域围岩矿物和镁含量分析,发现河水流经的围岩中沉积有含镁矿物(白云石、含镁方解石和阳起石),且镁含量高达0.6%～11.5%,说明高镁的岩石风化溶滤是引起尾闾盐湖卤水富镁的主因。     

Thermal history and source rock characterization of a Paleozoic section in the Awbari Trough,Murzuq Basin,SW Libya

In some areas of the Murzuq Basin, SW Libya, the lower Silurian member comprises highly radioactive shales (Hot Shale), which are regarded as the most significant factor controlling petroleum generation in the basin. In this context, it was the goal of our project to study the distribution and maturity of the Hot Shale in the framework of basin evolution. Organic geochemical, organic petrological and basin modelling methods were used to obtain a more thorough understanding. Four wells from the northern and central part of the Awbari Trough have been selected for this study.