Thermal maturity,source rock potential and kinetics of hydrocarbon generation in Permian shales from the Damodar Valley basin,Eastern India

This study investigates the source rock characteristics of Permian shales from the Jharia sub-basin of Damodar Valley in Eastern India. Borehole shales from the Raniganj, Barren Measure and Barakar Formations were subjected to bulk and quantitative pyrolysis, carbon isotope measurements, mineral identification and organic petrography. The results obtained were used to predict the abundance, source and maturity of kerogen, along with kinetic parameters for its thermal breakdown into simpler hydrocarbons.The shales are characterized by a high TOC (>3.4%), mature to post-mature, heterogeneous Type II–III kerogen. Raniganj and Barren Measure shales are in mature, late oil generation stage (Rr%_Raniganj = 0.99–1.22; Rr%_{Barren Measure} = 1.1–1.41). Vitrinite is the dominant maceral in these shales. Barakar shows a post-mature kerogen in gas generation stage (Rr%_Barakar = 1.11–2.0) and consist mainly of inertinite and vitrinite. The δ¹³C_org value of kerogen concentrate from Barren Measure shale indicates a lacustrine/marine origin (−24.6–−30.84‰ vs. VPDB) and that of Raniganj and Barakar (−22.72–−25.03‰ vs. VPDB) show the organic provenance to be continental. The δ¹³C ratio of thermo-labile hydrocarbons (C₁–C₃) in Barren Measure suggests a thermogenic source.Discrete bulk kinetic parameters indicate that Raniganj has lower activation energies (ΔE = 42–62 kcal/mol) compared to Barren Measure and Barakar (ΔE = 44–68 kcal/mol). Temperature for onset (10%), middle (50%) and end (90%) of kerogen transformation is least for Raniganj, followed by Barren Measure and Barakar. Mineral content is dominated by quartz (42–63%), siderite (9–15%) and clay (14–29%). Permian shales, in particular the Barren Measure, as inferred from the results of our study, demonstrate excellent properties of a potential shale gas system.     

Organic carbon and its oxidation stability characteristics of shallow soil in frozen soil area of Three River Source Region北大核心CSCD

As the most important part of the global carbon cycle,soil carbon pool is the largest carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems. Soil carbon pool in permafrost regions is the most sensitive carbon pool to climate change. Weak climate change will have a huge impact on the organic carbon production in the shallow soil,and then affect the regional landscape and ecology. As an indicator reflecting the antioxidant capacity of soil organic carbon,oxidation stability affects the quantity and quality of soil organic carbon,and its variation has a certain regularity in the alpine permafrost region under the influence of climatic factors. In order to explore the distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon and its oxidation stability in frozen soil,based on the experimental data and the climatic data from 2011 to 2019,the random forest model was used to conduct multi-factor digital mapping on soil organic carbon content,soil organic carbon components with different oxidation difficulty degrees,and soil organic carbon oxidation stability coefficient and environmental variables（average annual precipitation,average annual sunshine hours,average annual air temperature,and altitude）and analyze the controlling factors. The results showed that the model had an interpretation degree of more than 54% for the shallow soil organic carbon in frozen soil area of Three River Source Region,and the digital mapping could reflect the distribution of soil organic carbon well. Soil organic carbon was mainly affected by precipitation and sunshine duration,and temperature took second place. The spatial distribution of components with different oxidation difficulty is different,but the oxidation stability has the distribution characteristics of high in the north and low in the south. Cold and dry are conducive to improving the oxidation stability of organic carbon in shallow soil of frozen soil area. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

基于开源系统的跨平台地图客户端开发

针对部门和机构的GIS系统因体制和管理等原因导致的"信息孤岛"问题,文章提出了一种基于轻量级开源LeafLet软件的跨平台地图发布技术。以LeafLet为地图发布与展现的地图客户端组件,实现了轻量级跨平台地图发布,较好地解决了跨平台地图服务的无缝信息流转问题。通过全国文化财经政策统计与监测地图在线发布系统开发实例表明,基于开源LeafLet软件可低成本实现跨平台地图发布,具有很好的应用前景。     

Structure and mass function of three young open clusters

Using UBVRI CCD data taken from 104-cm Sampurnanand Telescope, ARIES, Nainital, we present the structure, initial mass function and mass segregation of three young age (∼10 Myr) open star clusters: NGC 2129, NGC 1502 and King 12. Based on photometric as well as astrometric criteria, the cluster member stars as well as field stars have been identified. We construct luminosity function which is further used to estimate the mass functions by employing theoretical stellar evolutionary isochrones. The entire cluster region mass function (MF) slopes for NGC 2129, NGC 1502 and King 12 are obtained as −2.55 ± 0.14, −2.73 ± 0.36 and −1.94 ± 0.12 respectively. It is found that changes in the MF slope of King 12 are significantly different compared to NGC 2129 and NGC 1502 from inner region to outer region. The MF slope for King 12 is steeper at larger radii. The dynamical relaxation times for all three clusters are found to be less than age of the clusters. This indicates that all these clusters are dynamically relaxed. We show that for NGC 1502 and King 12, passing off of low mass stars from the inner region of the clusters to the halo occurs during the course of evolution.     

HydrIS:一个用于地下水管理的开放的GIS决策支持系统——以Morocco为例(英文)

A regional groundwater management system has been elaborated, integrating Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) and various web services. It consists of web geospatial application so-called HydrIS ( Hydrogeological Information System) based on Open Source components and technologies, leading to a feasible and low-cost solution. Therefore, HydrIS permits delivery of data from a number of heterogeneous sources to standards supported by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). The protocols used for exchanging data are also derived from OGC standards, i.e., WMS (Web Mapping Service), WFS (Web Feature Service), and WCS (Web Coverage Service). Finally, a geoportal was developed, which consists of client-applications that communicate with different Web Services (WMS, WCS, and WFS) through http-requests. A prototype for web-based GIS application was designed using the deegree Framework to provide systematic interfaces and functions. This system was developed to demonstrate the value of making hydrogeological data more widely accessible through client/server architecture. This experience and knowledge already gained in this project will be a source for technology transfer and policy decisions. Otherwise, this will enable user groups to improve the management of their groundwater resources and contribute to enhanced decision support capabilities.      

Mechanisms of petroleum accumulation in the Bozhong sub-basin, Bohai Bay Basin, China. Part 1: Origin and occurrence of crude oils

The origin of the fourteen major oil fields in the Bozhong sub-basin, Bohai Bay basin was studied based on the results of Rock-Eval pyrolysis on more than 700 samples and biomarker analysis on 61 source rock samples and 87 oil samples. The three possible source rock intervals have different biomarker assemblages and were deposited in different environments. The third member of the Oligocene Dongying Formation (E₃d₃, 32.8–30.3 Ma in age) is characterized mainly by high C₁₉/C₂₃ tricyclic terpane (>0.75), high C₂₄ tetracyclic terpane/C₂₆ tricyclic terpane (>2.5), low gammacerane/αβ C₃₀ hopane (<0.15) and low 4-methyl steranes/ΣC₂₉ steranes (<0.15) ratios, and was deposited in sub-oxic to anoxic environments with significant terrigenous organic matter input. The first (E₂s₁, 35.8–32.8 Ma) and third (E₂s₃, 43.0–38.0 Ma) members of the Eocene Shahejie Formation have low C₁₉/C₂₃ tricyclic terpane and low C₂₄ tetracyclic terpane/C₂₆ tricyclic terpane ratios and were deposited in anoxic environments with minor terrestrial organic matter input, but have different abundances of 4-methyl steranes and gammacerane. The hydrocarbon-generating potential and biomarker associations of these three source rock intervals were controlled by tectonic evolution of the sub-basin and climate changes. Three oil families derived from E₂s₃, E₂s₁ and E₃d, respectively, and three types of mixed oils have been identified. All large oil fields in the Bozhong sub-basin display considerable heterogeneities in biomarker compositions and originated from more than one source rock interval, which suggests that mixing of oils derived from multiple source rock intervals or multiple generative kitchens, and/or focusing of oils originated from a large area of a generative kitchen, is essential for the formation of large oil fields in the Bozhong sub-basin. E₂s₃- and E₂s₁-derived oils experienced relatively long-distance lateral migration and accumulated in traps away from the generative kitchen. E₃d₃-derived oils had migrated short distances and accumulated in traps closer to the generative kitchen. Such a petroleum distribution pattern has important implications for future exploration. There is considerable exploration potential for Dongying-derived oils in the Bozhong sub-basin, and traps close to or within the generative kitchens have better chance to contain oils generated from the Dongying Formation.     

Data Cube on Demand (DCoD): Generating an earth observation Data Cube anywhere in the world

To tackle Big Data challenges such as Volume, Variety, and Velocity, the Earth Observations Data Cube (EODC) concept has emerged as a solution for lowering barriers and offering new possibilities to harness the information power of satellite EO data. However, installing, configuring, and managing an EODC instance is still difficult requiring specific knowledge and capabilities. Consequently, facilitating and automating the generation and provision of EODC given specific user’s requirements can be beneficial.In response to this issue, this paper presents the Data Cube on Demand (DCoD) approach, a proof-of-concept that aims at facilitating the generation and use of an EODC instance virtually anywhere in the World. Users are only required to specify an area of interest; select the types of sensors between Landsat 5-7-8 and Sentinel-2; choose a desired temporal frame; and provide their email address to receive notifications. Then automatically an empty ODC instance is instantiated and desired data are ingested.The proposed approach has been successfully tested in two sites in Bolivia and DRC in the field of environmental monitoring. It has lowered many complexity barriers of such a new technology; greatly facilitated the generation and use of the Data Cube technology; enhanced data sovereignty; and ultimately can help reaching large adoption and acceptance.     

熵增理论对海洋空间资源"一张图"综合监管平台系统建设的启示

近年来,随着海洋管理理念转变和水平提升,海洋空间资源监管业务方向持续优化调整,对全流程精准数据的要求越来越高,各类多源异构数据不断增加,自下而上新的业务需求层出不穷,系统顶层设计有限性和应用需要无限性之间的矛盾日益凸显。为破解此难题,文章首次应用熵增理论,分析系统平台日益臃肿、难以维护的原因,并提出应用开放系统、远离平衡态、涨落、非线性关系等耗散系统的关键点来解决系统平台存在的问题,从理念层面为系统平台优化设计提供参考。     

高铁地震震源子波时间函数及验证

基于纵横波产生机理并结合高铁列车及铁轨结构,本文给出了高铁列车产生地震纵波及横波震源(点源及等效源)子波的时间函数;通过实际高铁地震数据及合成高铁地震数据分析,验证了高铁地震震源子波时间函数的合理性;在高铁列车匀速、加速及减速运行情况下,利用高铁地震点源子波合成记录分析了高铁地震震源子波的频谱特征,为实际高铁地震数据处理解释奠定了良好的基础.