CaCO3－CO2－H2O岩溶系统的平衡化学及其分析

在介绍了CaCO3- CO2 - H2O岩溶系统平衡化学的原理后,对平衡化学的控制因素,包括温度、CO2 分压、体系的开放程度、离子强度效应、同离子效应、酸效应、碱效应、离子对效应进行了分析,并与CaMg ( CO3 )2 - CO2 - H2O 岩溶系统平衡化学作了对比。结果显示,天然开放的岩溶系统的平衡pH值范围为6. 80～8. 40,在此pH值范围内,水中的碳组分主要以HCO-3 形式存在; 与开放系统相比,在其它条件相同情况下,封闭系统的平衡pH值较高,而平衡[ Ca2+ ]和平衡[ HCO-3 ]较低,特别是在低CO2 分压时,两者的差异更明显;在封闭系统条件下,两种不同的纯CaCO3 - CO2- H2O饱和溶液相混合,将导致溶液对CaCO3 重新具有侵蚀性;离子强度效应、酸效应和离子对效应使方解石的溶解度增加,而同离子效应和碱效应使方解石的溶解度降低; 与方解石溶解平衡相比,其它条件相同时,白云石溶解平衡pH较高,在温度< 70℃时溶解度较大,但在温度> 70℃时溶解度较小。      

Coupled discrete element and finite volume solution of two classical soil mechanics problems

One dimensional solutions for the classic critical upward seepage gradient/quick condition and the time rate of consolidation problems are obtained using coupled routines for the finite volume method (FVM) and discrete element method (DEM), and the results compared with the analytical solutions. The two phase flow in a system composed of fluid and solid is simulated with the fluid phase modeled by solving the averaged Navier–Stokes equation using the FVM and the solid phase is modeled using the DEM. A framework is described for the coupling of two open source computer codes: YADE-OpenDEM for the discrete element method and OpenFOAM for the computational fluid dynamics. The particle–fluid interaction is quantified using a semi-empirical relationship proposed by Ergun [12]. The two classical verification problems are used to explore issues encountered when using coupled flow DEM codes, namely, the appropriate time step size for both the fluid and mechanical solution processes, the choice of the viscous damping coefficient, and the number of solid particles per finite fluid volume.     

吉林省南部下元古界集安群地质特征与沉积期古环境分析

根据集安群地质特征,岩石化学,稳定同位素特征分析认为:蚂蚁河组沉积期古环境为强氧化泻湖相;荒岔沟组沉积期为强还原的泻湖相、大东岔组沉积期为开阔正常浅海潮坪相。集安群从发生发展到结束古环境演化规律是:构造上,由优地槽向冒地槽演化,气候上由炎热向温湿演化;古地理环境从有障壁的局限海变为无障壁的开阔海;从咸化海向正常海,从泻湖相向潮坪相转化。     

The N663 stope experiment at Mount Isa Mine

Summary Factors affecting the stability of a trial open stope at a depth of 1000 m in fissile foot wall and hanging wall shales are discussed. A combination of systematic support using cable dowels, and reduced disturbance from blasting using low density explosives and single ring firing, allowed successful completion of the stope.     

三维GIS技术在露采矿山环境管理中的应用

在简要介绍GIS技术的基础上,对传统平面图与三维模型进行了比较。结合实例介绍MAPGIS三维模型的建立及其在露采矿山环境管理信息系统中的应用,并对露采矿山生产、管理及决策上提供更加直观、有效的支持。     

The role of silica in the hydrous metamorphism of chromite

Retrograde hydrous metamorphism has produced three types of microstructures in chromite grains from chromitites and enclosing rocks of the Tapo Ultramafic Massif (Central Peruvian Andes). In semi-massive chromitites (60–80 vol% chromite), (i) partly altered chromite with homogeneous cores surrounded by lower Al₂O₃ and MgO but higher Cr₂O₃ and FeO porous chromite with chlorite filling the pores. In serpentinites (ii) zoned chromite with homogeneous cores surrounded by extremely higher Fe₂O₃ non-porous chromite and magnetite rims, and (iii) non-porous chromite grains. The different patterns of zoning in chromite grains are the consequences of the infiltration of reducing and SiO₂-rich fluids and the subsequent heterogeneous interaction with more oxidizing and Fe-bearing fluids. During the first stage of alteration under reduced conditions magmatic chromite is dissolved meanwhile new metamorphogenic porous chromite crystallizes in equilibrium with chlorite. This reaction that involves dissolution and precipitation of minerals is here modeled thermodynamically for the first time. µSiO₂-µMgO pseudosection calculated for unaltered semi-massive chromitites at 2 kbar and 300 °C, the lowest P-T conditions inferred from the Tapo Ultramafic Massif and Marañón Complex, predicts that chromite + chlorite (i.e., partly altered chromite) is stable instead of chromite + chlorite + brucite at progressive higher µSiO₂ but lower µMgO. Our observation is twofold as it reveals that the important role of SiO₂ and MgO and the open-nature of this process. P-T-X diagrams computed using the different P-T pathways estimated for the enclosing Tapo Ultramafic Massif reproduce well the partial equilibrium sequence of mineral assemblages preserved in the chromitites. Nevertheless, it is restricted only to the P-T conditions of the metamorphic peak and that of the latest overprint. Our estimations reveal that a high fluid/rock ratio (1:40 ratio) is required to produce the microstructures and compositional changes observed in the chromitites from the Tapo Ultramafic Massif. The circulation of SiO₂-rich fluids and the mobilization of MgO from the chromitite bodies are linked with the formation of garnet amphibolites and carbonate-silica hydrothermalites (i.e., listwaenites and birbirites) in the ultramafic massif. The origin of these fluids is interpreted as a result of the dissolution of orthopyroxene and/or olivine from the metaharzburgites and metagabbros enclosed in the Tapo Ultramafic Massif.     

Geochemistry of carbonate precipitation from the groundwater in a coastal region

Groundwater samples were collected from a coastal region of Andhra Pradesh to assess the possible conditions of the formation of carbonates. The area experiences a semi-arid climate and is underlain by khondalites, over which the Quaternary sediments occur. The study of the geochemistry of groundwater indicates that groundwater is mostly of fresh, with alkaline nature. The study further suggest that the breakdown of feldspars as kaolinite during rock-water interaction, releases Ca²⁺. Soils/weathered products contribute high CO₂ under the open system. The Ca²⁺ and CO₂ are added to the groundwater through the infiltrating recharge water. They subsequently precipitate as fine-grained carbonates in the weathering profile due to evapotranspiration under a freshwater environment.     

线弹性半无限体中开挖引起围岩位移与参数关系的相似方法研究

根据用相似理论导出的、在自重体积力作用下开挖引起围岩位移的一般关系式,借助于量纲分析,并与数值模拟结果比较,给出了在线弹性半无限体中开挖引起围岩位移与岩石材料的单位体重、弹性模量及开挖几何条件的定量关系,并讨论了这种定量关系成立的条件及使用方法。所得到的一个重要结论是,在不完全满足几何相似律和所给定的其他条件下,巷道围岩中一点的位移与其横断面尺寸和几何中心（或形心）到地表的距离的乘积成正比。     

巷道泄水孔疏干方法在元宝山露天煤矿中的应用

以元宝山露天煤矿为实例,总结了对煤系上覆砂岩、泥岩互层,分布不连续的基岩含水层采用巷道泄水孔疏干方法的施工经验,提出该方法在同类地区具有推广价值     

基于冗余属性的OOX文本数字水印算法

针对流行最广的Office Open XML 格式文档(即MS Office 2007—2013),提出一种基于冗余属性的文本数字水印算法.利用OOX(Office Open XML)文档包中部件的冗余信息来嵌入水印,并使水印与文档的格式信息绑定,可有效抵抗针对文本内容的攻击.该方法具有较强的鲁棒性和较大的嵌入容量,能够抵抗"另存为"、"清除格式"等攻击,且没有改变原始文档显示字符的任何格式信息,这是以往针对格式文档提出的水印方法做不到的,同时,也没有改变原始文档的任何语义信息,这也是以往的基于语义(自然语言)的水印方法做不到的.实验结果说明了该算法的可行性.