Teaching Methods,the Herbartian Revolution and Douglas Clay Ridgley at Illinois State Normal University

Abstract

Teaching methods in the 1880s and 1890s were influenced by the energies and publications of the Herbartians from Illinois State Normal University. Memorization was replaced by inductive questioning, field trips and the use of visual aids. Four men and one woman were followed by Douglas Clay Ridgley who built up the geography major and made tools for the teachers. Name recognition is now weak but much of what they taught is now accepted and practiced.     

甘肃河西地区一次强寒潮天气个例诊断分析

2008年4月19~20日,受西伯利亚东移南下的强冷空气影响,河西地区出现了自2001年以来最强的1次寒潮天气.利用MICAPS资料分析了这次强寒潮爆发时的环流形势演变特征.同时采用NCEP/NCAR 2.5°×2.5°每天4次再分析资料,计算了60~105°E、35~60°N区域内,4月15日08时~20日08时300 hPa高空急流,500 hPa涡度、温度平流、垂直速度,700 hPa水汽通量散度等物理量.结果表明:此次强寒潮的爆发与高空急流在东移南下过程中逐渐加强有关,500 hPa正涡度区与槽前锋区配合一致,更有利于引导强冷空气东移南下.低层强冷平流对地面加压降温作用至关重要,垂直速度与大气层结稳定度有关.700 hPa水汽通量散度场分布特征对寒潮天气条件下的降水形成有明显影响,水汽通量散度极小值区域均有降水,最大值区域无降水而有沙尘天气.     

Interaction between Planetary-Scale Diffluent Flow and Synoptic-Scale Waves During the Life Cycle of Blocking

In this paper, a new transient forced quasi-resonant triad interaction theory in a beta channel is proposed to investigate the interaction between planetary-scale diffluent flow composed of zonal wavenumbers 1--3 and synoptic-scale waves produced continuously by a synoptic-scale vorticity source fixed upstream of an incipient blocking region during the life cycle of blocking. It is shown that the superposition of initial three Rossby waves for zonal wavenumbers 1 (monopole), 2 (dipole), and 3 (monopole), which permit triad quasi-resonance, can represent an incipient blocking event. The synoptic-scale eddies may act to amplify the incipient blocking and to excite a blocking circulation with a strong meander, whose flow pattern depends on the initial amplitudes of the planetary waves and both the intensity and location of preexisting synoptic-scale waves. The onset (decay) of the planetary-scale split-flow blocking is mainly represented by a strong increase (decrease) in the amplitude of the zonal wavenumber 2 component, having a dipole meridional structure related to the preexisting synoptic-scale eddies. The typical persistence time of the model blocking was of about 20 days, consistent with observations of blocking patterns. In our model, isolated asymmetric dipole blocking is formed by synoptic-scale waves. The instantaneous fields of total streamfunctions exhibit a remarkable resemblance to the synoptic maps observed during the life cycle of blocking. During the onset stage, the synoptic-scale waves are enhanced and split into two branches around the blocking region due to the feedback of the amplified blocking, in agreement with the observed changes of synoptic-scale waves in real blocking events. In addition, a diagnostic case study of blocking is presented to confirm the forced quasi-resonant triad interaction theory proposed here.     

潜孔锤跟套管技术在挡土墙加固工程中的应用

由于地层较为复杂，采用普通潜孔锤钻进方法难以成孔，实践证明，风动潜孔锤跟管进技术是破碎复杂地层中钻进成孔最为有效的方法。下锚结束后，应及时将套管从孔中拔出，单纯依靠钻机自身提引力很难实现，采用潜孔锤向上反击起拔套管，既保护了钻机又节省了起拔套管的时间。     

区域创新发展的模式与国际案例研究

区域创新是现代区域实现可持续发展的基本途径，区域创新发展具有自主创新发展、模仿创新发展和合作创新发展等3种模式，而美国硅谷、日本、欧盟的创新发展分别是3种模式的代表，这为我国区域发展提供了借鉴。     

正常高改正公式的一个注记

对正常高改正式中的重力异常改正项进行了积分置换，将原来主要依赖于沿水准路线的重力异常的公式置换为主要依赖于水准路线两端高程的公式，以更便于使用。同时对这一新的匠精度，特点和应用作了评述。     

我国首例接触极化曲线野外实测结果

使用自行研制的野外测试设备,在云南省武定县迤纳厂铜铁矿床上进行了接触极化曲线法试验性的测试。初步证实,接触极化曲线法确有反映导电矿体成分和储量的能力,它的应用范围也不是非常局狭的。     

构造与地表过程相互作用:正断层陡崖形态和几何特征分析

量化分析构造、侵蚀与气候之间的相互作用关系是现代地球动力学的前沿.断层陡崖是伸展构造环境中的一种常见地貌特征,是构造与地表过程密切耦合作用下演化的结果.断层崖面形态各异,如断层陡坎、断层三角面和断层梯形面等.本文基于数值模拟方法,对断层滑动速率、断层滑动周期、河流下切系数、山坡蠕移系数等关键性控制因素对断层崖形态和几何特征的影响进行了系统分析,主要结论为：依据参数空间的动力学对比模拟结果,可以将断层陡崖分为三个主要类型,即沟壑型、断层三角面型和尖锥型;断层陡崖的最终形态主要受地表演化过程（即河流下切、山坡蠕移）的控制;三角面型陡崖的高度和宽度随时间增大,但坡度角在演化过程中基本不变,其几何特征主要受控于断层滑动速率,且在相同的气候和岩性条件下,与断层滑动速率呈正相关;在十万年时间尺度下,断层滑动周期与三角面的形态和几何特征基本无关.断层滑动速率与三角面坡度角间的正相关关系可用于解释观测数据的统计结果,如希腊和保加利亚的观测数据.     

胶西北焦家断裂带成矿后断裂活动对焦家式金矿破坏作用及找矿方向探讨

本文以焦家断裂带深部上盘发现金矿体的地质事实为依据，将焦家断裂在成矿后对矿体的破坏作用作为讨论重点，根据现今焦家断裂上、下盘金矿体以断层泥为界，有被错断的明显特征，指出发育在焦家断裂主断裂面中的断层泥为成矿后断裂活动的产物。依据上、下盘金矿在矿石类型、围岩蚀变、矿石矿物、成矿阶段等方面具有极为相似一致特征，提出在117.69~121 Ma成矿期，焦家断裂带中的上、下盘蚀变岩型金矿统一形成于深度3~9 km之间成矿期的焦家断裂带中，二者在成矿时具有时、空上的完全统一性。受焦家断裂总体正断层效应影响，现今焦家断裂深部新发现的上盘金矿（化）体应为下盘金矿（化）体被错断的部分。     

应急地理信息集成建模框架技术研究

为了实现快速地分析处理应急测绘地理信息数据,往往需要对不同模型进行集成建模,提出了面向应急测绘的空间集成建模框架,并对其关键技术展开研究。该框架基于案例驱动进行空间集成建模,以服务链形式自动化分析处理应急测绘数据。此外,还提供应急测绘模型耦合校验方法,保证组合方案的可执行性和稳定性。最后以济南市化工厂危化品泄露应急分析原型系统为例,在可计算应急测绘案例库的驱动下,面向应急测绘的空间集成建模框架可以高效地进行应急空间信息服务组合。提出了基于案例驱动的空间信息服务组合方法,实现了组合方案的快速构建。