用TM影像和DEM获取黑河流域地表反射率和反照率

传统的大气校正方法原理比较复杂,而且有些参数特别是实时的大气剖面资料难以获取。本文利用DEM对TM 影像进行地形校正后,用简便而又实用的方法对TM影像进行了大气校正,较精确地反演出黑河流域河西走廊中段对应于Landsat TM 1~5 和7波段的地表反射率。在此基础上,通过不同波段地表反射率的组合,获得了地表反照率。通过与实地观测数据对比分析,表明对于植被覆盖区用TM 2,4,7波段组合结果较好,而在非植被覆盖区用TM 1~5,7这6 个波段组合结果更佳。     

地表反照率的改变影响夏季北非副热带高压的数值模拟

利用 LASG L 9R1 5AGCM设计了两组不同地表反照率的数值试验。通过分析其夏季平均气候的差异来考察地表反照率改变对夏季北非副高的影响。结果表明 ,当北非地表反照率增大时 ,由于地面接收到的净辐射减少 ,地面温度降低 ,底层大气的感热加热减弱 ,抑制了局地的对流和降水 ,相应的对流层中层的凝结加热也减弱。这种中、低层的冷却强迫出高空的异常辐合与低空的异常辐散 ,导致北非地区下沉运动增强 ,从而加强了北非副高。另外 ,这种北非地区的环流异常 ,通过辐散风环流加强了南亚高空的辐散 ,在一定程度上加强了南亚高压。     

Asymmetry of compton scattering by relativistic electrons with an isotropic velocity distribution: Astrophysical implications

The angular distribution of low-frequency radiation after a single scattering by relativistic electrons with an isotropic velocity distribution differs markedly from the Rayleigh angular function. In particular, the scattering by an ensemble of ultrarelativistic electrons is described by the law p=1?cosα, where α is the scattering angle. Thus, photons are mostly scattered backward. We discuss some consequences of this fact for astrophysical problems. We show that a hot atmosphere of scattering electrons is more reflective than a cold one: the fraction of incident photons reflected after a single scattering can be larger than that in the former case by up to 50%. This must affect the photon exchange between cold accretion disks and hot coronae (or advective flows) near relativistic compact objects, as well as the rate of cooling (through multiple inverse-Compton scattering of the photons supplied from outside) of optically thick clouds of relativistic electrons in compact radio sources. Scattering asymmetry also causes the spatial diffusion of photons to proceed more slowly in a hot plasma than in a cold one, which affects the shapes of Comptonization spectra and the time delay in the detection of soft and hard radiation from variable X-ray sources.     

Hydrocarbon Alteration Characteristics of Soils and Mechanism for Detection by Remote Sensing in East Sichuan Area,China

The type, strength, and spatial distributions of hydrocarbon alteration of the surface soil are studied in two sections in East Sichuan area through the simultaneous analysis of soil organic geochemistry, soil mineralogy, and soil chemistry. The spectral response and remote-sensing mechanism are studied through the soil spectral analysis in the range of VIS--NIR bands. The results of this study demonstrate that long-time hydrocarbon microseepage can induce mineral and chemical alteration of surface soil, including the increase of clay-mineral content and carbonate-mineral content, the increase of ferrous-iron content, and decrease of ferric-iron content. Soil mineral components related to hydrocarbon alteration have spatial coincidence with soil organic geochemical components. Increase of clay- and carbonate-mineral contents in the soil can cause decrease of reflectance in VIS–NIR bands and increase of Landsat band ratio TM5/TM7. Increase of ferrous-iron content and decrease of ferric-iron content in the soil may cause increase of reflectance in the range of 400 nm to 600 nm, and higher reflectance of Landsat band ratios of TM1/TM3 and TM2/TM3.     

中国地区三种地表反照率产品比较

利用2007—2011年MODIS、GlobAlbedo和ERA-Interim的3种地表反照率产品,借助地理信息系统(Geographic Information System, GIS)空间化技术,对中国地区3种地表反照率产品进行了对比分析。结果表明：3种产品与气象站观测值的时间分布趋势一致,冬季高夏季低,且相关性较高。3种产品中,MODIS与GlobAlbedo的绝对差异值最小,ERA-Interim与MODIS、GlobAlbedo的绝对差异值较大。3种产品在青藏高原和西北山地区域表现出较大的差异,且差异表现为冬半年高,夏半年低。3种产品之间相关性最高的是MODIS与GlobAlbedo,最低的是MODIS与ERA-Interim, 3种产品在40°N以北具有较好的相关性。且在夏季和冬季地表反照率均值的表现说明,ERA-Interim相比MODIS、GlobAlbedo难以反映地表反照率受地形和土地覆被的影响。     

城市下垫面反照率变化对北京市热岛过程的影响——个例分析

随着城市的不断发展,城区地表反照率等下垫面物理特征和属性会发生明显的变化,进而会对城市热岛等大气环境形成影响。文中使用中国气象科学研究院开发的新一代数值天气预报模式(GRAPES),针对2004年10月北京一次重空气污染事件中的典型城市热岛过程,分别设计了两种数值试验方案:(1)对照试验,使用模式缺省的城区下垫面反照率参数,取值0.18;(2)敏感性试验,参考同期中国科学院大气物理研究所铁塔280m高度下垫面反照率观测事实,将北京区域城市类型下垫面反照率减小至0.15。通过对比两种试验方案在1km水平分辨率下的24h模拟结果,研究了城市下垫面反照率变化对北京地区城市热岛过程的影响。结果表明:(1)GRAPES模式可成功模拟此次热岛过程中城区和郊区近地面温度的日变化趋势;(2)城市下垫面反照率的变化对城市热岛的发展非常重要,城市反照率下降0.03会使城市热岛强度增强0.8℃左右,结果也更接近实况。这说明随着城市发展引起的地表反照率减小有利于城市热岛强度增加;(3)通过分析地表的长波辐射发现,在城市区域较小反照率情形下,城区的长波辐射始终比郊区大,有利于热岛的形成;同时也有利于城区近地层的风场辐合增加,对此次污染过程的发展是有利的。     

近红外反射光谱学在岩石矿物研究中的应用Ⅱ.快速测定地质样品中有机质

利用偏最小二乘法回归的多变量校正方式,建立了应用近红外反射光谱学方法无损快速测定各种地质样品中有机质的模型.设计了多重散射光校正、标准正常变量转换及导数光谱,扣除额外基线和重叠信号的影响,分离出与有机质含量有关的光谱信息.大多数地质样品的有机质近红外反射光谱估算结果与化学法符合.     

青藏高原唐古拉山多年冻土区夏、秋季节总辐射和地表反照率特征分析

根据青藏高原唐古拉山多年冻土区2005年6月24日~10月16日的总辐射、分光辐射和分光反照率观测资料,利用总辐射和大气层顶太阳辐射的比值——日有效透射率T_eff,用聚类分析法将资料划分为晴天、多云和阴天三类天气,分析了该地区夏、秋季节总辐射、分光辐射比例和分光反照率的日变化和季节变化规律.结果表明,夏季总辐射与大气层顶的差值和日际变化幅度最大,秋季以后这种差值和日际变化幅度减小.天空状况对分光辐射比例和地表反照率均有影响,表现为近红外辐射比例晴天比阴天大,可见光比例晴天比阴天小,各波段反照率晴天均比阴天大.反照率在夏季最低,秋季较高,反照率的日变化有依存分光辐射比例的关系,这大致可以解释地表反照率依存太阳高度角而变化的现象.无积雪地面反照率近红外波段大于可见光波段,地表有积雪时,反照率明显不同,其可见光波段反照率大于近红外波段反照率.功率谱分析表明,日有效透射率T_eff存在着2~3 d的周期,它是该地区天气系统活动影响太阳辐射收入的一个反映,指示出唐古拉山地区天气系统亦有2~3 d的周期性.     

Absorption properties of urban/suburban aerosols in China

The broadband diffuse radiation method is improved to retrieve the aerosol refractive index imaginary part （AIP） and broadband （400-1000 nm mean） single scattering albedo （SSA）. In this method, four sets of SSA selection criteria are proposed for quality control. The method is used to retrieve AIP, SSA and absorptive optical thickness （AbOT） from routine hourly-exposed pyrheliometer and paranometer measurements over 11 sites （meteorological observatories） in China during 1998-2003. Apart from one suburban site （Ejin Qi）, the other urban sites are all located around big or medium cities. As shown in the retrieval results, annual mean SSA during 1998-2003 changes from 0.941 （Wuhan） to 0.849 （Lanzhou）, and AIP from 0.0054 to 0.0203. The 11-site average annual mean SSA and AIP are 0.898 and 0.0119, respectively. SSA during winter is smaller for most sites. There is an evidently positive correlation between SSA and aerosol optical thickness （AOT） for all sites. There is also a positive correlation between SSA and relative humidity for most sites, but a negative correlation for a few sites, such as Kashi and ǚrǚmqi in Northwest China.     

Aerosol polarized phase function and single-scattering albedo retrieved from ground-based measurements

Aerosol optical parameters, polarized phase function and single-scattering albdeo, have been retrieved from ground-based sun photometer measurements in Beijing 2003. The measured aerosol optical thickness varies from 0.12 to 0.77 with an average value of 0.39. The measured Ångström coefficient ranges from 0.75 to 1.47 with an average value of 1.21. The retrieved single-scattering albedo at 870 nm is within the 0.76–0.94 range and the average value is 0.85, suggests there are considerable aerosol absorptions in Beijing. The maximum value of retrieved polarized phase function at 870 nm ranges from 0.068 to 0.225 with an average value of 0.16, and it illustrates good correlations with the Ångström coefficient, i.e. the relative size of aerosol particles. Analyses of measurements and theoretical calculations show the polarized phase function is sensitive to aerosol size distribution and complex refractive index, especially the imaginary part of the refractive index which denotes aerosol light absorbing effects. These results suggest that the polarized phase function is an effective and unique aerosol optical parameter and is able to improve the retrieval of aerosol physical properties.