近场全波形反演：芦山7.0级地震及余震矩张量解

2013年4月20日四川芦山发生了7.0级地震.该地震是自2008年汶川8.0级地震以来发生在龙门山断裂带上的最强地震,截至5月5日,四川省数字遥测台网记录到了52个（M_L≥4.0）余震.我们搜集了信噪比相对较高的宽频带数据,根据已有的三个分别适合于四川盆地和龙门山断裂东南地区、西南山区、西北山区速度模型,利用TDMT_INVC方法计算矩张量,获得了芦山主震及其16个余震的高质量矩张量解;根据P轴、B轴和T轴的倾角对主震及余震的断层类型进行了分类,结果表明：芦山地震的震级为M_w6.46（矩震级）,地震矩为0.61×10¹⁹Nm,震源深度为13 km,震源机制类型为逆断层.芦山余震类型简单,主要为逆冲型;芦山地震序列震中分布于龙门山断裂带西南端的彭县—灌县断裂上,本研究获得的主震和余震的震源机制主要为逆冲型,这表明了龙门山断裂西南端主要为逆冲特征.芦山地震震源性质与汶川地震相近,发震间隔时间短,且均发生于同一构造单元内,表明了该地震与汶川地震可能有密切关系.     

巴颜喀拉块体东部及邻区块体边界断裂变形特征及其强震危险性分析

在对巴颜喀拉块体东部及其邻区活动块体划分的基础上,基于刚性块体运动模型,利用1999—2007年GPS数据反演得到巴颜喀拉块体东部及邻区活动块体边界断裂带的长期滑动速率,并且利用一维弹性位错模型反演了各活动块体边界断裂的闭锁深度。根据反演得到的滑动速率和闭锁深度,结合GIS平台上获取的各边界断裂的几何长度得到各边界断裂的主要地震矩累积,并通过对比各断裂带上历史强震目录估算的地震矩释放分析各边界断裂带上的地震矩亏损量,进而分析各活动块体边界断裂的强震背景,以期为区域强震的中长期地震危险性分析和防震减灾策略的制定提供资料。     

Waveform inversion and analysis of an unusual earthquake swarm in the Boshan mining area,Shandong Province,China

Moment tensor solutions were retrieved for the earthquake swarm that occurred during November and December 2010 in the Boshan mining area, Shandong Province, China. The results showed that the double-couple components in the source mechanisms were higher at the beginning of the swarm and consisted mainly of shear faulting controlled by tectonic stress. The subsequent events had significant non-double-couple components, indicating tensile faulting. The double-couple components predominately presented as normal faulting and the P axes were orientated almost vertically. The slip vectors of the swarm events were relatively stable. With reference to the tectonic features near the epicenter, we concluded that the swarm was a result of subordinate fault motion related to the Wangmu Mountain fault and that high-pressure pore fluids played a crucial role in the activity of the earthquake swarm.     

最大有效力矩准则约束下的广西罗阳山地震、地质与地貌效应

使用重新调查后的1936年灵山6?级地震的烈度资料,结合罗阳山西北麓和南麓的河流地貌与地质构造考察,参考该地区裂变径迹年代学资料,探讨了罗阳山地区的地质力学环境。重新调查后的极震区等烈度区有北北西和北东2个优势方向区域,这2个区域围绕北北西向的泗州断层和北东向的寨圩断层展布。在构造与地貌调查中发现:罗阳山山体有地貌隆升表现,并得到了裂变径迹证据支持;罗阳山西北麓山前冲沟具右旋活动表现;泗州断层内部破裂面的倾向以南西向为优势方向,并具顺时针旋转和高倾角特征。地震分布显示:寨圩断层和泗州断层交汇部位的东南侧有小地震密集展布现象。经分析后认为,以上构造地貌现象是最大有效力矩准则约束下的地震、地质和地貌效应。      

Comparison of Ensemble Kalman Filter groundwater-data assimilation methods based on stochastic moment equations and Monte Carlo simulation

Traditional Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) data assimilation requires computationally intensive Monte Carlo (MC) sampling, which suffers from filter inbreeding unless the number of simulations is large. Recently we proposed an alternative EnKF groundwater-data assimilation method that obviates the need for sampling and is free of inbreeding issues. In our new approach, theoretical ensemble moments are approximated directly by solving a system of corresponding stochastic groundwater flow equations. Like MC-based EnKF, our moment equations (ME) approach allows Bayesian updating of system states and parameters in real-time as new data become available. Here we compare the performances and accuracies of the two approaches on two-dimensional transient groundwater flow toward a well pumping water in a synthetic, randomly heterogeneous confined aquifer subject to prescribed head and flux boundary conditions.     

利用矩张量反演法研究江苏高邮—宝应M_S4.9级地震震源机制解和震源深度

基于江苏、安徽、山东和浙江等省区域台网共19个宽频带数字台站的地震波形,采用HypoDD双差定位方法确定了2012年7月20日江苏高邮—宝应MS4.9级地震震中位置,再利用时间域矩张量反演法TDMT_INV获得了其震源机制解和震源深度.反演结果显示:最佳双力偶解为节面Ⅰ走向290°,倾角88°,滑动角-21°;节面Ⅱ走向21°,倾角69°,滑动角-177°,地震矩震级为MW4.95,震源深度约为7~9km.利用滑动时窗相关法提取sPn震相测定震源深度为8.95km,两者一致性较好.随后不同地壳模型和不同震中定位误差对反演结果的影响试验揭示了反演结果具有稳定性.通过以下几种分析:1与利用CAP(Cut and Paste)矩张量反演法得到的结果进行对比;2P波初动投影;3正反演试验探求反演结果不稳定的影响因素等方法,验证了反演结果的可靠性.综合本文研究成果、震后科学考察结果(包括重力测量和地震烈度分布图)及现有的地质构造资料,推测此次地震的发震构造为杨汊仓—桑树头断裂,节面Ⅱ为断层面,是一个右旋走滑兼有少量正断层性质的错动.     

MEMS固体化学微推进阵列的微冲量测试技术

为了评价MEMS(Micro Electro Mechanical Systems)固体化学微推进阵列的推进性能,对其单元微冲量的精确测试显得尤为重要。在传统冲击摆的基础上,考虑微推进器推力和燃气射流冲击力之间的比例关系,设计了一套适用于MEMS固体化学微推进阵列单元微冲量的间接测试装置,并成功用于6×6规格(单元集成度为36个/cm²)微推进阵列的实际测试中。结果表明:典型实验数据下的待测微冲量为2.5442×10-4Ns,相对误差小于5%;实测8个单元的微冲量平均值为2.5574×10-4 N·s,相对偏差较小,具有很好的重复性。      

Active crustal deformation in two seismogenic zones of the Pannonian region — GPS versus seismological observations

The seismicity and the associated seismic hazard in the central part of the Pannonian region is moderate, however the vulnerability is high, as three capital cities are located near the most active seismic zones. In our analysis two seismically active areas, the Central Pannonian and Mur-Mürz zones, have been considered in order to assess the style and rate of crustal deformation using Global Positioning System (GPS) and earthquake data.We processed data of continuous and campaign GPS measurements obtained during the years 1991–2007. Velocities relative to the stable Eurasia have been computed at HGRN, CEGRN and EPN GPS sites in and around the Pannonian basin. Uniform strain rates and relative displacements were calculated for the investigated regions. GPS data confirm the mostly left lateral strike slip character of the Mur-Mürz–Vienna basin fault system and suggest a contraction between the eastward moving Alpine-North Pannonian unit and the Carpathians.The computation of the seismic strain rate was based on the Kostrov summation. The averaged unit norm seismic moment tensor, which describes the characteristic style of deformation, has been obtained from the available focal mechanism solutions, whereas the annual seismic moment release showing the rate of the deformation was estimated using the catalogues of historical and recent earthquakes.Our analysis reveals that in the Central Pannonian zone the geodetic strain rate is significantly larger than the seismic strain rate. Based on the weakness of the lithosphere, the stress magnitudes and the regional features of seismicity, we suggest that the low value of the seismic/geodetic strain rate ratio can be attributed to the aseismic release of the prevailing compressive stress and not to an overdue major earthquake. In the Mur-Mürz zone, although the uncertainty of the seismic/geodetic strain rate ratio is high, the seismic part of the deformation seems to be notably larger than in the case of the Central Pannonian zone. These results reflect the different deformation mechanism, rheology and tectonic style of the investigated zones.     

Random domain decomposition for flow in heterogeneous stratified aquifers

We study two-dimensional flow in a layered heterogeneous medium composed of two materials whose hydraulic properties and spatial distribution are known statistically but are otherwise uncertain. Our analysis relies on the composite media theory, which employs random domain decomposition in the context of groundwater flow moment equations to explicitly account for the separate effects of material and geometric uncertainty on ensemble moments of head and flux. Flow parallel and perpendicular to the layering in a two-material composite layered medium is considered. The hydraulic conductivity of each material is log-normally distributed with a much higher mean in one material than in the other. The hydraulic conductivities of points within different materials are uncorrelated. The location of the internal boundary between the two contrasting materials is random and normally distributed with given mean and variance. We solve the equations for (ensemble) moments of hydraulic head and flux and analyze the impact of unknown geometry of materials on statistical moments of head and flux. We compare the composite media approach to approximations that replace statistically inhomogeneous conductivity fields with pseudo-homogeneous random fields. This work was performed under the auspices of the US Department of Energy (DOE): DOE/BES (Bureau of Energy Sciences) Program in the Applied Mathematical Sciences contract KC-07–01–01 and Los Alamos National Laboratory under LDRD 98604. This work made use of STC shared experimental facilities supported by the National Science Foundation under Agreement No. EAR-9876800. This work was supported in part by the European Commission under Contract No. EVK1-CT-1999–00041 (W-SAHaRA).     

1991年9—10月北京马坊地震活动的观测与研究

1991年9月28日至10月上旬在北京市平谷县马坊地区出现了一些小地震活动,其中包括9月28日北京时间08时37分和18时48分相继发生的两次M_L=4.0地震。本文叙述了这两次地震的宏观调查结果和使用数字地震台网进行近场监测的情况。利用这些小地震活动期间所得到的数字记录确定了4次小地震震源的精确位置,利用矩张量反演方法求解了这几个地震的震源机制。根据研究的结果判断这些地震是马坊—夏垫断裂带北部的构造运动。