金矿床地质地球化学研究新进展

从4个方面系统地介绍了80年代以耒国际金矿床地质地球化学研究新进展.新的金矿床类型的发现和提出.丰富了金矿找矿内容.拓宽了金矿勘探的前景:建立了一系列的金矿床的矿化模式;对控制金矿化产生的主要因素.(矿源层、构造、热源)的地位及所起的作用,有了新的认识,金的成矿作用地球化学和成因研究获得突破性进展.     

黄河三角洲水冰险情预警信息系统设计与分析应用探讨

本文探讨了黄河三角洲地区水冰灾情信息系统的建立方法及其应用问题。介绍了该系统的设计原则,数据结构,建立方法和程序,并对其应用进行了分析研究。该方法也适用于其它区域。     

湿地生态系统模型研究进展

介绍了湿地生态系统模型概念及类型 ,重点分析了河流湿地、沼泽及河漫滩湿地、湿地退化模型。在河流湿地中 ,重点讨论了水文水动力学模型、泥沙冲淤模型、河流水质模型 ;在沼泽及河漫滩湿地中 ,阐述了水量模型、生物量模型、P模型和 N模型 ;最后在分析湿地退化的数学模型基础上 ,探讨了湿地大型植物的控制模型。     

武汉市公共交通网络中心性及其与银行网点的空间耦合性研究

本文以构建公共交通网络为切入点,运用改进的多中心性评价模型测度了武汉都市发展区公共交通网络中心性,并结合GIS核密度分析法与双变量空间自相关分析法,探讨了公共交通网络中心性和银行网点空间分布规律,以及两者之间的耦合性与空间结构。主要研究结论为：①武汉都市发展区公共交通网络中心性具有城市多中心指向性特征,且由中心向外围圈层递减;②银行网点布局呈现“核心—中心—过渡区—外围”多层次结构,且具有空间不均衡性;③公共交通网络各中心性指标与银行网点具有不同程度的空间正相关。银行网点受接近中心性的影响最大,直达性次之,介数中心性最小;④局域上,公共交通网络中心性指标与银行网点的耦合关系存在空间不平稳性与空间异质性。高—高聚集与低—低聚集是主要的空间关联模式;高—高聚集主要位于银行网点布局的核心圈层,低—低聚集点缀于外围圈层,高—低聚集与低—高聚集介于核心圈层与外围圈层之间。     

BIM与GIS集成的建筑物间距规划审批方法

建筑物间距规划方案审批是工程质量管理中的重要步骤,传统的规划审批方案以二维CAD线划数据为基础,其在数据完整性和可视化表达方面存在明显的局限性。BIM丰富的几何语义信息和3D GIS良好的数据管理与可视化分析能力为建筑规划审批提供了更为可靠的解决方案。本文设计实现了将典型BIM数据(revit数据格式)几何及其语义集成到3D GIS的技术方案,并开发了BIM与GIS集成的建筑间距自动化审批功能,为三维环境下建筑规划审批提供了更有效与可靠的技术支撑。     

区域海气耦合模式FROALS的发展及其应用

区域海气耦合模式是研究局地海气相互作用过程影响气候变率的重要平台,也是对全球气候模式进行"动力降尺度"的重要工具.本文介绍了LASG(State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics)/IAP(Institute of Atmospheric Physics)发展的区域海气耦合模式FROALS(Flexible Regional Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model),并总结了过去五年围绕该区域海气耦合模式开展的研究工 作.FROALS的特点之一是有两个完全不同的大气模式分量和海洋模式分量选项,可以适应不同的模拟研究需 求.针对区域海气耦合模式在西北太平洋地区的模拟偏差,通过分步骤考察不同大气模式分量和不同海洋模式分量对模式模拟性能的影响,指出大气模式是导致区域海气耦合偏差的主要分量.通过改进对流触发的相对湿度阈值标准,有效地改善了此前区域海气耦合模式在亚洲季风区普遍出现的"模拟海温冷偏差".改进的FROALS对西北太平洋地区的大气和海洋环境有较好的模拟能力,合理地再现了西北太平洋地区表层洋流气候态和年际变率.较之非耦合模式,考虑区域海气耦合过程后,改进了东亚和南亚地区的降水和热带气旋潜势年际变率的模拟.最后,针对东亚—西北太平洋地区,利用FROALS对IAP/LASG全球气候模式模拟和预估的结果进行了动力降尺 度,得到了东亚区域50 km高分辨率区域气候变化信息.分析显示,FROALS模拟得到的东亚区域气候较之全球气候模式和非耦合区域气候模式结果具有明显的"增值",显示出区域海气耦合模式在该区域良好的应用前景.     

内蒙古地区下垫面变化对土壤湿度数值模拟的影响

利用第二次全国土壤调查土壤质地数据（SNSS）和中国区域陆地覆盖资料（CLCV）将陆面过程模式CLM3.5（Community Land Model version 3.5）中基于联合国粮食农业组织发展的土壤质地数据（FAO）和MODIS卫星反演的陆地覆盖数据（MODIS）进行了替换,使用中国气象局陆面数据同化系统（CMA Land Data Assimilation System,CLDAS）大气强迫场资料,分别驱动基于同时改进土壤质地和陆地覆盖数据的CLM3.5（CLM-new）、基于只改进陆地覆盖数据的CLM3.5（CLM-clcv）、基于只改进土壤质地数据的CLM3.5（CLM-snss）和基于原始下垫面数据的CLM3.5（CLM-ctl）,对内蒙古地区2011～2013年土壤湿度的时空变化进行模拟试验,研究下垫面改进对CLM3.5模拟土壤湿度的影响。将四组模拟结果与46个土壤水分站点观测数据进行对比分析,结果表明:相对于控制试验,CLM-clcv、CLM-snss和CLM-new都能不同程度地改进土壤湿度模拟,其中CLM-clcv主要在呼伦贝尔改进明显,CLM-snss则在除呼伦贝尔以外的大部地区改进显著,CLM-ctl模拟的土壤湿度在各层上均系统性偏大,而CLM-new模拟土壤湿度最好地反映出内蒙古地区观测的土壤湿度的时空变化特征,显著改善了土壤湿度的模拟,体现在与观测值有着更高的相关系数和更小的平均偏差与均方根误差。     

琉球群岛附近海域中尺度涡的初步研究

采用1977年1月至2006年12月高分辨率全球大洋环流模型OFES输出结果对琉球群岛附近海域的中尺度涡进行了研究分析。结果表明:(1)尺度较大的涡旋的分布密集区主要有台湾以东海域、琉球海沟上层海域和四国以南海域。(2)琉球海流流经海域的反气旋涡旋占优势,有利于琉球海流的发展。(3)琉球海流受中尺度涡的影响十分显著,纬度越低,其受中尺度涡的影响越明显,而黑潮相对比较稳定,受中尺度涡的影响并不显著。(4)四国以南海域暖涡从黑潮脱落之后向西南移动,该涡旋的移动对琉球海流和黑潮产生特别显著的影响。文章的最后还讨论了中尺度涡与黑潮弯曲以及琉球海流可能存在的联系。     

Land response to atmosphere at different resolutions in the common land model over East Asia

Towards a better understanding of hydrological interactions between the land surface and atmosphere, land surface models are routinely used to simulate hydro-meteorological fluxes. However, there is a lack of observations available for model forcing, to estimate the hydro-meteorological fluxes in East Asia. In this study, Common Land Model (CLM) was used in offline-mode during the summer monsoon period of 2006 in East Asia, with different forcings from Asiaflux, Korea Land Data Assimilation System (KLDAS), and Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS), at point and regional scales, separately. The CLM results were compared with observations from Asiaflux sites. The estimated net radiation showed good agreement, with r =0.99 for the point scale and 0.85 for the regional scale. The estimated sensible and latent heat fluxes using Asiaflux and KLDAS data indicated reasonable agreement, with r = 0.70. The estimated soil moisture and soil temperature showed similar patterns to observations, although the estimated water fluxes using KLDAS showed larger discrepancies than those of Asiaflux because of scale mismatch. The spatial distribution of hydro-meteorological fluxes according to KLDAS for East Asia were compared to the CLM results with GLDAS, and the GLDAS provided online. The spatial distributions of CLM with KLDAS were analogous to CLM with GLDAS, and the standalone GLDAS data. The results indicate that KLDAS is a good potential source of high spatial resolution forcing data. Therefore, the KLDAS is a promising alternative product, capable of compensating for the lack of observations and low resolution grid data for East Asia.     

Land-use and sustainability under intersecting global change and domestic policy scenarios: Trajectories for Australia to 2050

Understanding potential future influence of environmental, economic, and social drivers on land-use and sustainability is critical for guiding strategic decisions that can help nations adapt to change, anticipate opportunities, and cope with surprises. Using the Land-Use Trade-Offs (LUTO) model, we undertook a comprehensive, detailed, integrated, and quantitative scenario analysis of land-use and sustainability for Australia’s agricultural land from 2013–2050, under interacting global change and domestic policies, and considering key uncertainties. We assessed land use competition between multiple land-uses and assessed the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services at high spatial (1.1 km grid cells) and temporal (annual) resolution. We found substantial potential for land-use transition from agriculture to carbon plantings, environmental plantings, and biofuels cropping under certain scenarios, with impacts on the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services including food/fibre production, emissions abatement, water resource use, biodiversity services, and energy production. However, the type, magnitude, timing, and location of land-use responses and their impacts were highly dependent on scenario parameter assumptions including global outlook and emissions abatement effort, domestic land-use policy settings, land-use change adoption behaviour, productivity growth, and capacity constraints. With strong global abatement incentives complemented by biodiversity-focussed domestic land-use policy, land-use responses can substantially increase and diversify economic returns to land and produce a much wider range of ecosystem services such as emissions abatement, biodiversity, and energy, without major impacts on agricultural production. However, better governance is needed for managing potentially significant water resource impacts. The results have wide-ranging implications for land-use and sustainability policy and governance at global and domestic scales and can inform strategic thinking and decision-making about land-use and sustainability in Australia. A comprehensive and freely available 26 GB data pack (http://doi.org/10.4225/08/5604A2E8A00CC) provides a unique resource for further research. As similarly nuanced transformational change is also possible elsewhere, our template for comprehensive, integrated, quantitative, and high resolution scenario analysis can support other nations in strategic thinking and decision-making to prepare for an uncertain future.