Sedimentology of the December 26, 2004, Sumatra tsunami deposits in eastern India (Tamil Nadu) and Kenya

The December 26, 2004 Sumatra tsunami caused severe damage at the coasts of the Indian ocean. We report results of a sedimentological study of tsunami run-up parameters and the sediments laid down by the tsunami at the coast of Tamil Nadu, India, and between Malindi and Lamu, Kenya. In India, evidence of three tsunami waves is preserved on the beaches in the form of characteristic debris accumulations. We measured the maximum run-up distance at 580 m and the maximum run-up height at 4.85 m. Flow depth over land was at least 3.5 m. The tsunami deposited an up to 30 cm thick blanket of moderately well to well-sorted coarse and medium sand that overlies older beach deposits or soil with an erosional unconformity. The sand sheet thins inland without a decrease of grain-size. The deposits consist frequently of three layers. The lower one may be cross-bedded with foresets dipping landward and indicating deposition during run-up. The overlying two sand layers are graded or parallel-laminated without indicators of current directions. Thus, it remains undecided whether they formed during run-up or return flow. Thin dark laminae rich in heavy minerals frequently mark the contacts between successive layers. Benthic foraminifera indicate an entrainment of sediment by the tsunami from water depths less than ca. 30 m water depth. On the Indian shelf these depths are present at distances of up to 5 km from the coast. In Kenya only one wave is recorded, which attained a run-up height of 3 m at a run-up distance of ca. 35 m from the tidal water line at the time of the tsunami impact. Only one layer of fine sand was deposited by the tsunami. It consists predominantly of heavy minerals supplied to the sea by a nearby river. The sand layer thins landward with a minor decrease in grain-size. Benthic foraminifera indicate an entrainment of sediment by the tsunami from water depths less than ca. 30 m water depth, reaching down potentially to ca. 80 m. The presence of only one tsunami-related sediment layer in Kenya, but three in India, reflects the impact of only one wave at the coast of Kenya, as opposed to several in India. Grain-size distributions in the Indian and Kenyan deposits are mostly normal to slightly positively skewed and indicate that the detritus was entrained by the tsunami from well sorted pre-tsunami deposits in nearshore, swash zone and beach environments.     

基于MapXtreme2004的WebGIS矢量图形查询系统

实现互联网上的空间信息的管理和发布是当前地理信息科学领域的研究热点。本文分析了具有代表性的WebGIS平台Mapxtreme2004组件的核心和工作原理,并以某省高速路沿线滑坡灾害管理系统为例,介绍了在Net下利用MapXtreme2004组件开发WebGIS矢量图形查询系统的相关技术和方法。     

FES2004和GOT4.7海潮模型改正对全球PPP的影响特征及差异分析

针对目前少有全球范围PPP海潮负荷影响特征分析的问题,对比FES2004与GOT4.7海潮模型改正前后20个IGS站静态和动态PPP的解算结果,探讨2种模型下的潮波差异。实验结果表明,海潮负荷引起全球沿海站点的U方向位移达5 cm,但在地中海及波罗的海等陆间和内陆海域,并非单纯随站点离海岸线越近位移越大;海潮负荷在世界范围24 h静态PPP中对坐标误差RMS的影响达数mm,改正后收敛时间提升率最高达30%,但在某些岛屿和陆海交界地带对E、N方向的改正效果较差;基于2种模型计算的全球M₂分潮U方向差异在近海区域最大可达13 mm,且地理分布上与海潮本身无必然联系,负荷形变差异具有与海潮类似的周期性特征,在马来群岛附近达数mm,且半日潮差异高于周日潮与半月潮。     

中国大陆科学钻探主孔流体地球化学异常与远强震的关系

2001年11月14日发生的昆仑山口西 M_s 8.1级地震和2004年12月26日发生的印度尼西亚苏门答腊 M_s 8.7级地震前后,中国大陆科学钻探(CCSD)主孔流体组成出现明显的异常。两次远强震前后的流体异常幅度很大,并具有相似的演化趋势。异常始于震前2-7天,He、N_2/O_2、He/Ar、N_2/Ar 为负异常,Ar/O_2为正异常。远强震前后流体异常特征与 CCSD附近小震前后流体异常特征具有明显的区别,表明昆仑山口西 M_s 8.1级地震前后和苏门答腊 M_s 8.7级地震前后的 CCSD 主孔流体异常可能与两次远强震相关。认为 CCSD 主孔中的 He、N_2、Ar 是记录远强震的敏感载体,可能记录了震前长周期波传播至 CCSD 主孔时激发的流体变化,反映了震源区的应力变化,也可能反映了区域构造活动乃至地球深部构造活动产生的场兆、源兆信息。