动态符号与动态地图

地理信息可视化为地图动态特征的表现提供了工具。为适应新技术条件下地图符号的设计,本文在Ｂｅｒｔｉｎ符号参量体系基础上扩展了符号的４个动态参量：发生时长、变化速率、变化次序、节奏,讨论了这些动态参量在突出显示空间定位、描述属性特征、描述动态变化几个方面的应用。在充分分析地理信息变化特征后,提出了动态地图的概念,包括动态地图的定义、动态地图的综合问题以及动态地图在过程再现、实时跟踪、运动模拟领域的功能应用。     

我国《地方病与环境图集》编制研究

《中华人民共和国地方病与环境图集》是一部展示人类疾病与生态环境关系的新型地图集。本文重点论述它的编制意义、原则、特点和方法。     

嵌入式移动GIS的基本功能的实现

论述了目前国内外嵌入式移动GIS的发展状况,论述了嵌入式移动GIS的开发环境,对嵌入式移 动GIS专门的Hmap控件及所需的数据格式等进行了介绍,强调了在使用Hmap控件的特殊要求,最后用此控 件对移动GIS的基本功能如:打开地图、放大、缩小等功能给予了实现并展示了其实现结果。     

Recognition of design symbols from midship drawings

Despite the availability of 3D CAD systems, the designers in shipyards still use 2D CAD systems because of the need to produce drawings rapidly and a shortage of labor. The shipyard spends much time and labor analyzing the design information contained in 2D drawings and creating 3D model for the downstream processes. The design information is represented by symbols that are well known among designers in shipyard. Symbols are expressed by meaningless geometric shapes. These shapes are recognized to have meanings by analysis of experienced and knowledgeable designers.We propose a method for automatic recognition of 2D symbols and the extraction of design information from the midship drawings. The shape and rationale of 2D symbols used in ship design have been analyzed, and symbols have been classified according to the analysis. Based on the classified symbols, the developed system recognizes the symbols expressed in 2D drawings. The extracted design information is assorted by design rationales. The meaningless geometric shape is translated into the design information including designer's intents. The extracted design data can be applied to the design process in shipyards, and the 3D ship model can be automatically created.     

一种基于图元特征的地图符号库零水印算法

针对现有零水印算法不适用于包含多种数据类型的地图符号库的版权保护问题,提出了一种基于图元特征的地图符号库零水印算法。以地图符号的图元总数、图元数量最多的图元类型和图元数量最少的图元类型3个图元特征的组合作为关键特征,具有较好的稳健性和可区分性,从而保障了零水印的鲁棒性和唯一性。算法未对地图符号数据进行任何修改,保证了地图符号的精度。实验结果表明:该零水印算法在符号移动、符号添加和符号删除等攻击方式下均具有较好的鲁棒性,是一种较为理想的地图符号库版权保护方法。     

地质二维矢量点符号的自动三维建模

针对传统的三维点符号库实现方法工作量大、扩展性差等问题,提出了直接从二维矢量点符号到三维点符号的自动建模方案。采用三维图元的设计思路,解决符号扩展性差的问题。借鉴二维矢量点符号的表达,来进行三维符号的设计与建模,是对二维符号库的资源再利用,有利于实现二三维符号库的统一。通过设计内存池及内存拷贝的优化策略来提高模型的可视化效率。实验结果表明,提出的方案不仅有较好的可视化效果,并且具有相关文件数据量小、符号的可扩展性好等优势,对三维GIS的符号库研究具有重要的参考价值。     

The relationship between obesity and socioeconomic status among Texas school children and its spatial variation

Understanding the relationships between obesity and socioeconomic status (SES) among school children and the spatial variation of such relationship is essential for developing appropriate intervention strategies. In this study, we employed Local Entropy Map (LEM) to explore the spatial patterns of the relationship at school district level in Texas. Children's obesity was measured by Body Mass Index (BMI). The BMI data for this study were obtained from Physical Fitness Assessment Initiative (PFAI) program that has been coordinated by Texas Education Agency (TEA). SES was described by six variables, which were further reduced into two factors, namely Household SES and Neighborhood SES. The study period was 2012–2013 academic year. LEM analyses revealed clear spatial variation of the relationship between obesity and SES at school-district level. In particular, the prevalence of obesity among school children was found to be significantly related to Household SES and Neighborhood SES in four regions in Texas. These four regions are centered in major metropolitan areas in Texas, including San Antonio, Dallas-Fort Worth, Houston, and Lubbock. Further regression analyses showed variation of the relationship across these four regions. Obesity among school children in Texas was found to be more related to Household SES than Neighborhood SES; the relationship was strongest in San Antonio region. These findings may suggest the presence of obesogenic environment in the low SES school districts in these regions. Further studies to examine the particular nature of the obesogenic environment in these school districts are needed in order to support the development of regionalized policy and practice that can be more effective in addressing locale specifics.     

Graphic symbols and local identity: the case of use and perception of municipal emblems in the Liberec Region (Czechia)

This paper analyses the role of graphic symbols in local representation and in the process of local identity formation. The extent of graphic symbols utilization by local development actors in the region, its importance for image formation of the locality (municipality) from the point of view of the local development actors and an assessment of the degree of identification with the municipal emblems among the local population are evaluated, based on the results of a corresponding survey targeted at municipal representatives. Municipal emblems tend to (and also should) have a local representative function. These should emphasize local specificity, uniqueness. Municipal emblems have a potential to play the role of connecting, mediating and activating factors also on a higher as well as a local level. Municipal emblems are still not used enough and in the right way by actors of municipality representations. These are often misunderstood and deemed unimportant for local development.     

Empirical determination of geometric parameters for selective omission in a road network

Selective omission in a road network is a necessary operation for road network generalization. Most existing selective omission approaches involve one or two geometric parameters at a specific scale to determine which roads should be retained or eliminated. This study proposes an approach for determining the empirical threshold for such a parameter. The idea of the proposed approach is to first subdivide a large road network, and then to use appropriate threshold(s) obtained from one or several subdivisions to infer an appropriate threshold for the large one. A series of experiments was carried out to validate the proposed approach. Specifically, the road network data for New Zealand and Hong Kong at different scales (ranging from 1:50,000 to 1:250,000) were used as the experimental data, and subdivided according to different modes (i.e. administrative boundary data, a regular grid of different sizes, different update years, and different road network patterns). Not only geometric parameters, but also structural and hybrid parameters of existing selective omission approaches were involved in the testing. The experimental results show that although the most appropriate thresholds obtained from different subdivisions are not always the same, in most cases, the appropriate threshold ranges often overlap, especially for geometric parameters, and they also overlap with those obtained from the large road network data. This finding is consistent with the use of different subdivision modes, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Several issues involving the use of the proposed approach are also addressed.     

A polygon-based approach for matching OpenStreetMap road networks with regional transit authority data

Matching road networks is an essential step for data enrichment and data quality assessment, among other processes. Conventionally, road networks from two datasets are matched using a line-based approach that checks for the similarity of properties of line segments. In this article, a polygon-based approach is proposed to match the OpenStreetMap road network with authority data. The algorithm first extracts urban blocks that are central elements of urban planning and are represented by polygons surrounded by their surrounding streets, and it then assigns road lines to edges of urban blocks by checking their topologies. In the matching process, polygons of urban blocks are matched in the first step by checking for overlapping areas. In the second step, edges of a matched urban block pair are further matched with each other. Road lines that are assigned to the same matched pair of urban block edges are then matched with each other. The computational cost is substantially reduced because the proposed approach matches polygons instead of road lines, and thus, the process of matching is accelerated. Experiments on Heidelberg and Shanghai datasets show that the proposed approach achieves good and robust matching results, with a precision higher than 96% and a F1-score better than 90%.