基于非结构三角网格的海洋CSEM和MT二维联合反演研究

采用非结构三角形网格结合快速Occam算法对海洋可控源电磁(CSEM)与大地电磁(MT)数据进行二维联合反演试验研究.非结构三角形网格能够准确地模拟起伏地形和复杂地质构造,对反演目标区域采用精细网格剖分,其他区域采用粗网格剖分,在满足精度的前提下减少了不必要的计算量.将CSEM与MT数据加入到同一反演数据集中,通过对联合反演数据权重公式进行推导,构建CSEM及MT数据相关权重因子,控制不同数据的拟合权重来实现联合反演.最后对不同模型进行了反演计算,结果表明联合反演比单一反演对海底构造与异常体的还原度更高,验证了联合反演算法的可靠性.     

MT重复测量在地震中短期预报中的应用──祁连山中段MT剖面监测研究

本文研究了青藏高原北缘第一个长约４００ｋｍ的ＭＴ监测剖面上所获得的５次５－７级地震前后的资料。着重分析了在相当于大陆多震层深度范围内壳内介质的多种ＭＴ参数（视电阻率、相位、主轴方位角、扭曲度等）．这些ＭＴ参数在大范围内的同步－同相变化和局部区域之间的超前、滞后变化、相对变化幅度随震中距增大而衰减的特征,可能分别对应着构造孕育型大震的地区性场兆和构造运动型强震的区域性场兆,形成了地震活动大背景叠加小背景的一种链式关系。运用＂ＭＴ监测优显参数＂进行择优监测,将可能为大陆地震的震源物理发展过程和中短期预报提供丰富可靠的判据。     

Delaunay三角剖分插值算法在MT成图中的应用

研究并实现了一种基于Delaunay三角剖分的二维快速插值算法,并将其应用于大地电磁(MT)二维反演实时成像网格化处理中。实际资料试算结果表明,该算法具有稳定、插值效果好以及易于模拟地形数据等优点,能满足MT反演结果实时成图的要求。     

四川大足-福建泉州深部地电特征

根据四川大足-福建泉州剖面的大地电磁测深结果,划分了低阻的中新生界、高阻的三叠系-古生界以及相对低阻的浅变质的元古界板溪群等;了解了一些岩体的底界深度,推断沅麻盆地5 km以下出现岩脉群. 武陵山重力梯度带附近,中下地壳至上地幔岩石层有很高的电阻率,它和梯度带的形成有关.华南褶皱系普遍存在壳内高导层,它和爆破地震所反映的壳内低速层的位置相近. 深部电性证明,华蓥山断裂带、茶陵断裂带和福安-南靖断裂带等是深、大断裂带. 上地幔岩石层在横向上具有不同的电阻率.软流层深度自西向东由120-150kin变化到76km,衡阳以东最深可达240km. 由软流层变化及断裂分布,认为扬子准地台和华南褶皱系两大构造单元的分界位于茶陵-永兴断裂附近.     

Magnetotelluric resistivity modeling for 3D characterization of geothermal reservoirs in the Western side of Mt. Aso, SW Japan

Geothermal reservoirs are usually located at a depth range of 2 to 5 km, so to efficiently utilize such resources an advanced prospecting method is needed to detect these deep geologic structures. This study aimed to three-dimensionally characterize geothermal reservoirs by a combination of Magnetotelluric (MT) survey, inversion analysis of apparent resistivity, and interpolation of the resistivity data obtained. The western side of Mt. Aso crater, southwest Japan, was chosen as the case study area. Three hot springs exist there and a fault is assumed to go in the direction connecting them. A MT survey was carried out at 26 sites and the data processed by a remote reference method to reduce artificial noises. Based on skewness and Mohr circle analyses of the impedance tensor, the local geologic structure at each site could be approximated as horizontally layered and therefore, a one-dimensional inversion analysis was applied to the MT raw data. The resultant resistivity column data were then interpolated by the three-dimensional optimization principle method. The resistivity distributions obtained clarified continuous conductors with especially low resistivity (less than 10 Ω·m) at the hot springs along the fault. Because the resistivity decreases largely with an abundance of clay minerals, the conductors could be considered to correspond with the cap rocks. Thus, two geothermal reservoirs, whose shapes were estimated to be pillar, were detected under the cap rocks in an elevation range of − 1000 to − 3000 m. By comparing the resistivity distributions with the temperature distributions based on fluid-flow calculations at a steady state using FEM, the validity of the location and dimension of the estimated reservoirs were confirmed.     

Electrical Structure and Fault Features of Crust and Upper Mantle beneath the Western Margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau： Evidence from the Magnetotelluric Survey along Zhada-Quanshui Lake Profile

The magnetotelluric (MT) survey along the Zhada (札达)-Quanshui (泉水) Lake profile on the western margin of the Qinghai (青海)-Tibet plateau shows that the study area is divided into three tectonic provinces by the Yalung Tsangpo and Bangong (班公)-Nujiang (怒江) sutures. From south to north these are the Himalayan terrane, Gangdise terrane, and Qiangtang (羌塘) terrane. For the study area, there are widespread high-conductivity layers in the mid and lower crust, the top layers of which fluctuate intensively. The high-conductivity layer within the Gangdise terrane is deeper than those within the Qiangtang terrane and the Himalaya terrane, and the deepest high-conductivity layer is to the south of the Bangong-Nujiang suture. The top surface of the high-conductivity layer in the south of the Bangong-Nujiang suture is about 20 km lower than that in the north of it. The high-conductivity layer within the Gangdise terrane dips toward north and there are two high-conductivity layers within the crust of the southern Qiangtang terrane. In the upper crust along the profile, there are groups of lateral electrical gradient zones or distortion zones of different scales and occurrence indicating the distribution of faults and sutures along the profile. According to the electrical structure, the structural characteristics and space distribution of the Yalung Tsangpo suture,Bangong-Nujiang suture, and the major faults of Longmucuo (龙木错) and Geerzangbu are inferred.     

青藏高原电性结构及其对岩石圈研究的意义

在西藏近南北向布设了横跨青藏高原的3条大地电磁测深剖面(亚东-雪古拉、达孜-巴木错、那曲-格尔木),采用超宽频带大地电磁测深方法进行了地壳、上地幔电性结构探测研究,发现该剖面具有的主要电性结构特征为:①那曲以南地段,电性层比较薄,低阻体多呈串珠状断续分布,产状明显北倾,倾角为20°～30°。②那曲—雁石坪地段,电性层厚度有所增加,低阻体或高阻体呈近于水平薄板状分布。③雁石坪以北地段,电性层厚度较大,低阻体呈大透镜体状较连续地向南倾,倾角40°左右。④3个地段的电性层差异明显,与构造背景和岩浆活动性关系密切。以上电性特征为研究印度板块和欧亚大陆碰撞机制提供了地球物理依据。     

The structural preservation of a titanosaurid (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) vertebral ligament

Within the past decade exceptional preservation of original organic components have been reported from several dinosaurian families, including members of Sauropodomorpha. Here we document the partial preservation of a vertebral ligament in the dorsal and sacral series of a titanosaur. Unlike other cases of tissue preservation, this structure does not represent biomineralization of the original organic components. Histology, morphology, and comparative anatomy from extant taxa as well as the preferential placement on the vertebral column suggests that it represents the partial preservation of the nuchal ligament. While preservation of other sauropod connective tissues are known, this case represents the first reported non-biomineralized tissue from a sauropod. In consideration of the location and external and internal morphologies compared to modern vertebral ligaments, we believe this structure to be the micritic replacement of the original tissue via microbially-mediated processes. Along with the suggestive external morphology, internally we interpret some of the unusual structures to represent the remnants of the collagen and elastin fascicles that are strongly overprinted by a clotted, thrombolytic-like fabric recording microbial activity and deposition of micrite prior to lithification. In consideration of the interpreted depositional history, we theorize that post-deposition, bacteria deposited the micrite as a byproduct of metabolization. Subsequently, the recognition of this structure as a vertebral ligament, the largest of such thus documented, substantiates previous findings on the morphological attributes of sauropod vertebral ligaments.     

Straightforward inversion scheme (SIS) for one-dimensional magnetotelluric data

This paper presents a Straightforward Inversion Scheme (SIS) for interpreting one-dimensional magnetotelluric sounding data. The basic steps of SIS are (i) parameterization of the layered model such that the layer thickness, expressed in units of its skin depth, is a constant (α); (ii) expansion of the reflection function at each interface as a power series in parameter u = exp(-2(1 +j)α√f);(iii) development of a recurrence relation between the coefficients of the same powers ofu in the power series of reflection functions of any two successive layers; (iv) estimation of the impedance power series coefficients using regressed minimum norm estimator; and (v) evaluation of layer resistivities and thicknesses using the inverse recurrence relation. The power of SIS is established by inverting four synthetic data sets and two field data sets. The effect of noise is extensively studied on a synthetic data set, deliberately corrupted with increasing levels of Gaussian random noise up to 25%. It is found that the scheme can retrieve broad features of the true model even with noise levels as high as 25%. On the basis of findings of different experiments conducted on SIS, it is concluded that SIS is an efficient, robust algorithm with high resolving power. Further, being linear, it is non-iterative and it dispenses with the requirement of having to choose an initial guess model.     

华北地区大地电磁测深及岩石圈厚度讨论

近些年来，随着地球科学的进展，大陆岩石圈导电性结构的研究越来越引起人们的重视。这是因为固体地球物理学研究的结果告诉我们，有关大陆岩石圈导电性的研究有可能为当前地球科学各领域的进展提供重要的物理依据。大地电磁测深是从导电性的角度研究地壳和上地幔结构不可缺少的方法。长期以来，国内对此开展了大量工作：而当前，随着科学技术发展，无论是仪器、数据采集或数据处理和反演技术都有了长足的进步。中国的大地电磁测深已实现超宽频带、高精度测量技术；在数据处理和反演等方面也基本与国际先进技术接轨。因此，在2001年，沿着山西应县到山东商河，布置一条大地电磁测深剖面进行研究。采用现代先进的大地电磁数据处理技术和快速松弛二维反演方法获得该剖面二维电性结构模型，从而充分展示了华北地区岩石圈电性结构的特点。从电性特征上讲，华北岩石圈以太行山前断裂为界划分为东、西两区。东区为低阻区，上地壳电性结构基本与华北裂谷系的隆、坳构造格局相对应，岩石圈的电导最高达30000S，远远大于强烈活动的安第斯山岩浆弧区和西藏高原岩石圈的电导。西区为高阻区，太行山和恒山的岩石圈为高阻块体，表现出稳定大陆区岩石圈导电性结构的特点。但恒山高阻块体之下发现一组向西缓倾的高导层，其电导率为0，04~o，25S／m，顶面在20krn深处。底面深约40km。研究结果表明，华北裂谷盆地范围内地壳的电阻率很低，属于良导电性的地壳，这可能是由华北裂谷盆地的壳、幔热结构、热状态所决定的。根据对大陆电阻率模型的讨论。推测鄂尔多斯地块的上地幔也许不存在前人所界定的“软流圈”的性状：而华北裂谷盆地虽然是中新生代构造活动区，活动性较强，但与年轻的火山岛弧区或剧烈的构造活动区相比仍有一定差别，因而，上地幔“软流圈”的痕迹并不明显。这也许正是根据现今应县-商河剖面上大地电磁的探测结果看不出来存在通常所说的反映“软流圈”电性特征的“上地幔高导层”的原因。不过，根据这结果还是可以得出；在华北地区西部的地壳和岩石圈厚度大于东部。但更准确的结果还有待于更深入、更精细的地球物理探测。