GGR Biennial Review: Atomic Absorption,Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry,Neutron Activation Analysis and X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Review for 2008–2009

This review describes developments major and in trace element determination using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry that were reported in 2008 and 2009. Publication levels were comparable to those of previous years, except for XRF which showed an increase in the number of articles published in the past 2 years. In terms of number of publications and impact, the most active field was AAS, while INAA was the least active. As expected for well-established and mature methods, novel developments for all four analytical techniques were relatively sparse. For AAS, the most notable publications concerned developments in sample introduction, particularly focussing on solid samples, increasing analyte sensitivity, and higher sample throughput. For ICP-AES, publication of developments in sample introduction, remediation of matrix effects and calibration continues. Compared with past years, there was a clear focus on sample preconcentration methods, but very few publications reporting new hyphenated speciation methods. For INAA, there were several publications exploring the accuracy and robustness of the method, as well as the requirements for INAA to meet criteria for a primary method of measurement. Two other related techniques, delayed neutron activation analysis, and prompt gamma activation analysis, were also described. Hyphenated XRF techniques showed interesting developments in enabling XRF and XRD analysis on the same spot, and further work characterising and calibrating three-dimensional micro-XRF shows promising results for investigating sample heterogeneity.     

浊积扇体系沉积微相对物性及成岩控制的定量研究——以鄂尔多斯盆地ZH40区块为例

以鄂尔多斯盆地ZH40区块水下浊积扇沉积体系为例,根据储层物性、铸体薄片鉴定、扫描电镜和X-衍射分析等资料,定量研究水下浊积扇沉积体系沉积微相对物性和成岩的控制作用。分析表明:从水下扇的扇根到扇中,再到扇缘,矿物成分成熟度呈先增加后降低的趋势,扇中微相的长石砂岩最为发育,成分成熟度和结构成熟度最好;在水下扇浊积体系中,扇中微相砂体的溶蚀作用和次生孔隙最为发育;扇根、扇中和扇缘微相砂体机械压实作用引起的孔隙度损失程度接近,而扇根和扇缘微相砂体的胶结作用强烈。储集层成岩作用研究和孔隙度预测中,必须考虑沉积微相的控制作用。     

二维视电阻率断面的快速最小二乘反演

快速最小二乘反演是以平滑限定的最小二乘方法为基础,是对二维视电阻率断面进行反演的一种方法。反演过程不需要提供初始模型,在首次迭代时使用一均匀介质地下模型作为初始模型,该模型的视电阻率偏导数值可以用解析法得到。在后面的迭代中,使用了拟牛顿法去修改每一次迭代的偏导数矩阵,避免了偏导数矩阵的直接计算,从而减少了计算时间和存储空间。同时运用牛顿矩阵校正技术解最小二乘方程组也减少了大量的计算时间。总之,该方     

基于损伤部位向量法的钢框架损伤识别研究

对损伤部位向量(DLV)法作了简单介绍,并用该方法对钢框架进行了损伤识别和损伤定位。该方法假定结构损伤前后为线性,对结构损伤前后柔度矩阵差进行奇异值分解,将奇异值为零所对应的向量,作为静荷载施加在无损结构的测点位置,则应力为零的单元为可能损伤的单元。对3种不同工况的钢框架进行了振动模态试验,用前3阶模态参数构造框架的柔度矩阵,按照DLV法对其进行了损伤识别,识别结果与已知损伤情况相一致。从测试自由度不完备、噪声和振型质量归一化系数这3个方面对识别效果进行了分析,结果表明:当损伤使结构动力特性有微小改变时,使用该方法不易定位损伤,应结合局部损伤识别方法进行判定;当损伤使结构动力特性有较大改变时,该方法能有效识别损伤的单元。DLV方法概念简单,理论明确,不受结构类型的限制,不需要结构的数学模型和模型缩聚或扩展技术,只需获得结构损伤前后的前几个低阶模态参数,即可识别结构一处或多处损伤,实际应用时可操作性强。     

Precise and Accurate In Situ Determination of Lead Isotope Ratios in NIST,USGS, MPI‐DING and CGSG Glass Reference Materials using Femtosecond Laser Ablation MC‐ICP‐MS

Lead isotope ratio data were obtained with good precision and accuracy using a 266 nm femtosecond laser ablation (fLA) system connected to a multi‐collector ICP‐MS (MC‐ICP‐MS) and through careful control of analytical procedures. The mass fractionation coefficient induced by 266 nm femtosecond laser ablation was approximately 28% lower than that by 193 nm excimer laser ablation (eLA) with helium carrier gas. The exponential law correction method for Tl normalisation with optimum adjusted Tl ratio was utilised to obtain Pb isotopic data with good precision and accuracy. The Pb isotopic ratios of the glass reference materials NIST SRM 610, 612, 614; USGS BHVO‐2G, BCR‐2G, GSD‐1G, BIR‐1G; and MPI‐DING GOR132‐G, KL2‐G, T1‐G, StHs60/80‐G, ATHO‐G and ML3B‐G were determined using fLA‐MC‐ICP‐MS. The measured Pb isotopic ratios were in good agreement with the reference or published values within 2s measurement uncertainties. We also present the first high‐precision Pb isotopic data for GSE‐1G, GSC‐1G, GSA‐1G and CGSG‐1, CGSG‐2, CGSG‐4 and CGSG‐5 glass reference materials obtained using the femtosecond laser ablation MC‐ICP‐MS analysis technique.     

关于多项式特征值的条件数

Tisseur(2000)研究了非齐次多项式特征值问题的条件数,所得结果的不足是对无穷特征值必须另外处理;Declieu和Tisseur(2003)运用微分几何方法研究了齐次多项式特征值问题的条件数,所得结果的不足之处是与系数矩阵的尺度化(scaling)有关。这两种条件数都有各自的应用范围。本文基于投影尺度引入齐次多项式特征值问题的条件数,其优点是与系数矩阵的尺度化无关,因而也许会有较广泛的应用。     

双剪双参数强度准则硬化函数的探讨

目前双剪强度理论在工程实际中得到了广泛的应用。基于双剪理论和相关流动法则,采用各向同性强化法则,选用等效塑性应变作为强化参数,从一致性条件出发,推导出双剪双参数强度准则本构模型硬化函数的显式表达式,并利用单轴加载试验数据得到硬化函数与硬化参数之间的微分关系,推导出考虑硬化的双剪双参数强度准则本构模型的弹塑性刚度矩阵,给出了求解双剪强度理论硬化函数的另一思路。通过工程算例验证,得出一些结论对实际计算具有一定的指导意义。     

基于本质矩阵鲁棒估计的球形全景匹配

针对球形全景的匹配问题,提出了基于本质矩阵鲁棒估计的匹配方法。首先构建了球形全景的投影模型,通过推导球形全景的对极几何关系,得到本质矩阵的估计模型和对极线求解算法,再利用SIFT(scaleinvariantfeaturetransform)算法进行特征提取和匹配,最后采用RANSAC(randomsampleconsensus)算法,以改进的Sampson距离算子设置阈值,对本质矩阵进行鲁棒估计并剔除误匹配。实验结果表明,该方法切实可行,可提高球形全景匹配的精度。     

动载作用下混凝土细观损伤的CT图像分割和灰度共生矩阵特征值研究

动载作用下混凝土随应力变化的系列CT图像完整地记录了混凝土内部破损过程,在CT图像中能直接观察到细观裂纹时混凝土往往已发生宏观破坏,挖掘混凝土材料损伤的细观信息是混凝土细观力学分析的核心。本文基于混凝土单轴动态压缩CT试验,获得不同应力阶段的横断面CT图像,分别应用图像分割技术和灰度共生矩阵法提取孔隙率和4个特征值,研究孔隙率和4个特征值随应力的变化规律。结果表明孔隙率随应力的增加显示出单调增加的总趋势,个别部位在应力水平较小时孔隙率随应力增加变化不大,反映出混凝土的压密效应。受压密效应影响,对比度在低应力水平时随应力增加有升有降,能量对应力变化不够敏感,相关性和同质性随应力的增加单调增加,对应力变化较为敏感,能反映混凝土整体损伤过程。对混凝土CT图像进行分区后再研究孔隙率、同质性和相关性随应力的变化,可以更好地反映动载作用下混凝土的细观损伤过程。