湘西南高涧群的地球化学特征及其意义

湘西南高涧群主要是一套浅变质沉积碎屑岩系,由变质泥岩、板岩和变质粉砂岩组成,原岩颗粒小。变质作用对岩石化学成分没有大的改变,岩石具有相近的风化蚀变指数（平均CIA＝75）风化蚀变矿物主要为伊利石－白云母－蒙脱石组合。主要化学成分反映沉积物来源于中性和基性火成岩区。浅变质沉积岩中大多数微量元素亏损,元素Cu,Zn,Co,Ti,Cr等在研究区的南部和北部具有相似的共生组合。并且稀土元素的分布模式基本相同,稀土的总量与岩性有关。上述特点显示了高涧群沉积物来源相同,亲石元素共生组合相似;Au,Ag,As,Sb,Sr,Ba等存在一定的分异,Ba/Co比值,Sr/Ba比值和δCe值表明,它是主要在浅深海－深海相还原环境下的产物。     

光速不变原理推广（Ⅱ）──论弯曲时空中光速不变

根据等效原理及理论自洽的要求，把光速不变原理推广到弯曲时空。并在此基础上阐明了坐标、坐标变换，物理量的描述与测量等最基本问题的物理意义。     

基于复合指数模型的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光影像饱和校正方法

由于OLS传感器航行过程中增益记录和交叉定标的缺失,使得DMSP夜光影像在城市中心出现过度饱和等问题,因此探讨灯光数据去饱和方法在人类活动强度评估和城市时空演化分析等方面具有重要意义。为了解决这一难题,有学者提出使用NDVI修正饱和灯光数据的VANUI指数,为研究灯光数据去饱和提供了简单便捷的思路,然而该指数在部分城市中较难有明显的校正效果。本文在VANUI指数思想的基础上,顾及到人口密度随着郊区到城市中心距离的增加呈现指数型增长,提出了基于复合指数模型校正夜间灯光指数CEANI,为人类活动强度评价等研究提供更准确的结果。研究表明:① 与VANUI相比,CEANI在刻画城市内部饱和区域特征时具有更好的细节,较好地凸显城市内部空间异质性;② 在25组随机样本的相关对比中,CEANI（R²mean=0.79）与辐射定标产品比VANUI（R²mean=0.68）具有更高的相关性;③ 三大城市群中CEANI与常住人口的R²分别为0.767、0.676和0.841,比VANUI（R²分别为0.640、0.553和0.775）分别提高了0.127、0.123、0.066,相较于VANUI,CEANI与常住人口具有更强的相关性,对于人口指标的估算能力更强。     

改进LM模型在机载小光斑LiDAR数据分解中的应用

机载小光斑Li DAR是近年来遥感领域的新兴技术,它对回波脉冲进行全数字化的记录,通过分解返回波形能够得到更加丰富的信息。针对传统LM波形分解算法容易陷入局部最优的问题,引入改进LM模型,采用信赖域技巧使得参数解全局收敛。实验证明,该方法相比传统LM能够得到更加可靠的波形分解结果,并且对城区、郊区和山地区域适应性好,具有较强实用价值。     

Primary production of Inner Mongolia, China, between 1982 and 1999 estimated by a satellite data-driven light use efficiency model

Declining biological production as a part of an ongoing land degradation process is considered a severe environmental problem in the dry northern and northwestern regions of China. The aim of this study is to develop and adapt a satellite data-driven gross primary production model called Lund University light use efficiency model (LULUE) to temperate conditions in order to map gross primary production (GPP) for the Grasslands of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR), China, from 1982 to 1999. The water stress factor included in the original model has been complemented with two temperature stress factors. In addition, algorithms that allocate the proportions of C3/C4 photosynthetic pathways used by plants and that compute temperature-based C3 maximum efficiency values have been incorporated in the model.The applied light use efficiency (LUE) model is using time series of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), CLouds from AVHRR (CLAVR) from the 8-km resolution NOAA Pathfinder Land Data Set (PAL). Quasi-daily rainfall and monthly minimum and maximum temperatures, together with soil texture information, are used to compute water limitations to plant growth. The model treats bare soil evaporation and actual transpiration separately, a refinement that is more biophysically realistic, and leads to enhanced precision in our water stress term, especially across vegetation gradients.Based on ground measurements of net primary production (NPP) at one site, the LULUE reproduces the variability of primary production better than CENTURY or NDVI alone. Mean annual GPP between 1982 and 1999 range from about 100 g/m² in desert regions in the west to about 4000 g/m² in the northeast of IMAR, and the coefficient of variation for GPP is highest near the margins of the deserts in the west where rainfall is erratic. Linear trends fitted through the 18-year time series reveal that the western regions have encountered no change, while a large area in the center of the IMAR shows marked increases in GPP. In the northeast, negative trends in GPP are noted and coincide with rainfall trends. Though the high inter-annual variability in primary production undermines the identification of significant trends, we could not isolate any general decline in grassland primary production.     

Carbonaceous aerosol transport from the Indo-Gangetic Plain to the Himalayas: Carbon isotope evidence and light absorption characteristics

The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) is a major regional and global emitter of atmospheric pollutants, which adversely affect surrounding areas such as the Himalayas. We present a comprehensive dataset on carbonaceous aerosol (CA) composition, radiocarbon (Δ¹⁴C) -based source apportionment, and light absorption of total suspended particle (TSP) samples collected over a 3-year period from high-altitude Jomsom in the central Himalayas. The 3-year mean TSP, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) concentrations were 92.0 ± 28.6, 9.74 ± 6.31, and 2.02 ± 1.35 μg m^?3, respectively, with the highest concentrations observed during the pre-monsoon season, followed by the post-monsoon, winter, and monsoon seasons. The Δ¹⁴C analysis revealed that the contribution of fossil fuel combustion (f_fossil) to EC was 47.9% ± 11.5%, which is consistent with observations in urban and remote regions in South Asia and attests that EC likely arrives in Jomsom from upwind IGP sources via long-range transport. In addition, the lowest f_fossil (38.7% ± 13.3%) was observed in winter, indicating large contributions in this season from local biomass burning. The mass absorption cross-section of EC (MAC_EC: 8.27 ± 1.76 m²/g) and water-soluble organic carbon (MAC_WSOC: 0.98 ± 0.45 m²/g) were slightly higher and lower than those reported in urban regions, respectively, indicating that CA undergo an aging process. Organic aerosol coating during transport and variation of biomass burning probably led to the seasonal variation in MAC of two components. Overall, WSOC contributed considerably to the light absorption (11.1% ± 4.23%) of EC. The findings suggest that to protect glaciers of the Himalayas from pollution-related melting, it is essential to mitigate emissions from the IGP.     

1980～2013年华东小雨减少及其主要影响因子分析

本文通过对1980～2013年华东区域447站各等级降水的时空分布特征进行分析,从低空气温、水汽、相对湿度入手,采用经验正交函数分析（Empirical Orthogonal Function,简称EOF）、合成分析等诊断方法揭示小雨与低空气温、水汽、相对湿度之间的关系;根据克劳修斯-克拉珀龙（Clausius-Clapeyron）方程,从物理角度对温度和水汽含量变化对小雨减少的相对贡献进行分析,并选取长三角区域利用能见度资料分析小雨减少的特征。研究主要得出以下结论:（1）华东区域1980～2013年总降水日和总降水量分布呈现南多北少随纬度增加递减趋势,总降水日主要以小雨日为主,小雨日占总降水日的71.84%。除暴雨外,其它各等级降水均呈现出减少趋势,以小雨的减少最为显著,小雨日和小雨量区域平均减少趋势为－3.37 d (10 a)-1、－6.52 mm (10 a)-1。小雨日EOF分解的第一模态呈现了华东区域小雨日一致减少的分布特征;第二模态则体现了小雨日变化的不均匀性,具有明显的区域差异。（2）小雨日的减少是伴随着低空增温发生的,低空温度上升了0.32 K (10 a)-1,同时可降水量呈现微弱的减少趋势。小雨日的变化与低空相对湿度有很好的正相关关系,EOF分解结果也揭示了低空相对湿度具有与小雨一致的空间分布特征。合成分析表明低空气温偏高（低）年,小雨日偏少（多）,可降水量偏多（少）年,小雨日偏多（少）,相对湿度偏高（低）年,小雨日偏多（少）。（3）根据Clausius-Clapeyron方程和相对湿度公式,低空增暖使饱和水汽压增加6% K-1～7% K-1,饱和水汽压增加在水汽微弱减少的前提下,导致了低空相对湿度的显著减少,从而导致了小雨的减少。对低空温度,比湿变化对小雨的影响进行分析,发现单纯由温度变化引起的相对湿度减少为－4.83%,而单纯由于比湿变化引起的相对湿度变化为－1.91%,分析表明了低空增暖是引起小雨日减少的主要原因。（4）能见度较差的区域,年均小雨日和小雨量偏少,但是小雨的长期减少趋势主要还是由低空增暖引起的相对湿度的减少导致的。     

全球变暖背景下江淮地区降水强度分布结构变化的特征分析

利用1961～2006年江淮地区80个站点的逐日降水资料,根据百分位数确定极端降水阈值的方法,比较了全球气候变暖背景下该区域降水强度的分布结构特征。结果表明,在全球气候典型暖异常的年份里,江淮地区极端降水日数占总降水日数的比重比冷年增加30%以上,极端降水总量的比重增加13%左右;而微量降水日数所占比重比冷年减少近60%,微量降水总量减少了80%,说明全球变暖后江淮地区降水强度分布结构呈现弱降水减少,强降水增多的显著两极分化特征,且该特征在江淮地区基本一致。冬、夏季对比表明,冬季的变化幅度比全年和夏季更大。可见全球变暖背景下未来江淮地区降水强度分布结构出现两极分化趋势可能性增加。     

Aerosol concentration measurement with multiple light scattering system and laser aerosol spectrometer

The performance of two different optical concentration-measuring techniques was investigated over a concentration range starting with about 10² cm⁻³ and extending over more than four decades. Both instruments are capable of real-time counting, however due to their particular design-single particle counter and ensemble particle-measuring system—they operate in overlapping, but different concentration ranges. The upper, coincidence-free counting limit for the single particle counter used in this study was established to be in the order of 10⁴ cm⁻³. The ensemble technique was found to be functional and stable for concentrations of about 10³ cm⁻³ and limited by the onset of multiple scattering at concentrations nearby 2×10⁶ cm⁻³. Within the determined boundaries, both techniques proved to provide reliable aerosol concentration data.