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441.
N.?N.?AmbraseysEmail author J.?Douglas S.?K.?Sarma P.?M.?Smit 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2005,3(1):1-53
This article presents equations for the estimation of horizontal strong ground motions caused by shallow crustal earthquakes with magnitudes Mw 5 and distance to the surface projection of the fault less than 100km. These equations were derived by weighted regression analysis, used to remove observed magnitude-dependent variance, on a set of 595 strong-motion records recorded in Europe and the Middle East. Coefficients are included to model the effect of local site effects and faulting mechanism on the observed ground motions. The equations include coefficients to model the observed magnitude-dependent decay rate. The main findings of this study are that: short-period ground motions from small and moderate magnitude earthquakes decay faster than the commonly assumed 1/r, the average effect of differing faulting mechanisms is not large and corresponds to factors between 0.8 (normal and odd) and 1.3 (thrust) with respect to strike-slip motions and that the average long-period amplification caused by soft soil deposits is about 2.6 over those on rock sites. Disappointingly the standard deviations associated with the derived equations are not significantly lower than those found in previous studies. 相似文献
442.
Neil S. Mancktelow 《Mathematical Geology》1981,13(6):507-521
Given a set of nondirectional orientation data (fold axes, lineations, dip and dip direction of bedding, universal stage readings of crystallographic axes, etc.),the best-fit line (point maximum),plane (great circle),or cone (small circle)can be determined by minimizing the sum of the squares of the angular residuals using a simplex convergence technique. Stereoplots of the angular deviation over the complete lower hemisphere for these distributions may also be generated when consideration of the constraint on the best-fit position is important; for example in comparing different data sets of the same structural element. The routines are available as a FORTRAN coded computer program. 相似文献
443.
I. C. Lemmer 《Mathematical Geology》1986,18(7):589-604
For any distribution of grades, a particular cutoff grade is shown here to exist at which the indicator covariance is proportional to the grade covariance to a very high degree of accuracy. The name mononodal cutoff is chosen to denote this grade. Its importance for robust grade variography in the presence of a large coefficient of variation—typical of precious metals—derives from the fact that the mononodal indicator variogram is then linearly related to the grade variogram yet is immune to outlier data and is found to be particularly robust under data information reduction. Thus, it is an excellent substitute to model in lieu of a difficult grade variogram. A theoretical expression for the indicator covariance is given as a double series of orthogonal polynomials that have the grade density function as weight function. Leading terms of this series suggest that indicator and grade covariances are first-order proportional, with cutoff grade dependence being carried by the proportionality factor. Kriging equations associated with this indicator covariance lead to cutoff-free kriging weights that are identical to grade kriging weights. This circumstance simplifies indicator kriging used to estimate local point-grade histograms, while at the same time obviating order relations problems.This paper is based in part on a PhD thesis submitted to the Department of Applied Earth Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, in 1984 (unpublished). 相似文献
444.
A Bayesian version of the discovery process model was applied to the pre-rift Lower and Middle Jurassic play of the Halten
Terrace, Mid-Norway. The Bayesian approach estimates the lognormal parameters, the discoverability parameter, and the distribution
of sizes of the undiscovered fields as well as the play potential, conditioned on a discovery sequence averaging for all possible
prior choices weighted by their likelihood. This approach avoids the problem of having to make arbitrary choices for the parameters.
The estimates of parameters and play potential based upon the present methodology compares well with previous estimates, if
the play is divided into two sub-plays representing the overpressured and normally pressured zones. These sub-plays have been
estimated independently and aggregated in order to get the total undiscovered resource potential. This study estimates that
the expected remaining play potential is 100 × 106Sm3 o.e., about 9% of the total resources in the play. There is however a 90% chance that the remaining potential ranges from
13 to 282× 106 Sm3 o.e. and a 5% possibility of exceeding this value. 相似文献
445.
Geographical data sets sometimes contain missing observations that need to be estimated. A statistical approach to the problem is discussed for multivariate normal spatial data sets satisfying the first-order spatial Markov property with constant mean, where the information at neighboring or contiguous observed sites is used to estimate the missing values. The completed data are used to estimate the parameters of the distribution. The procedure is iterative. The approach is a special case of the Orchard and Woodbury missing information principle. The paper concludes with an illustrative empirical example using rainfall data from an area of Kansas and Nebraska. The quality of the estimates for different sites are compared. 相似文献
446.
An investigation of analysis of variance as a tool for exploring regional differences in strong ground motions 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
The statistical technique known as analysis of variance is applied to a large set of European strong-motion data to investigate whether strong ground motions show a regional dependence. This question is important when selecting strong-motion records for the derivation of ground motion prediction equations and also when choosing strong-motion records from one geographical region for design purposes in another. Five regions with much strong-motion data (the Caucasus region, central Italy, Friuli, Greece and south Iceland) are investigated here. For the magnitude and distance range where there are overlapping data from the five areas (2.50 Ms 5.50, 0 d 35 km) and consequently analysis of variance can be performed, there is little evidence for a regional dependence of ground motions. There is a lack of data from moderate and large magnitude earthquakes (Ms > 5.5) so analysis of variance cannot be performed there. Since there is uncertainty regarding scaling ground motions from small to large magnitudes whether ground motions from large earthquakes are significantly different in different parts of Europe is not known. Analysis of variance has the ability to complement other techniques for the assessment of regional dependence of ground motions. 相似文献
447.
YANG Yuanxi & WEN Yuanlan . Xi''''an Research Institute of Surveying Mapping Xi抋''''an China . College of Aerospace Material Engineering National University of Defense Technology Changsha China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2004,47(7):585-592
The precise orbit information is the premise of the application of satellite, and the precise orbit deter- mination includes dynamic and geometric methods. The dynamic method estimates the position and veloc-ity of a satellite at one epoch by extending the obser-vational arc in order to include more observations of different epochs in it. It is realized by integrating the dynamic equation of the satellite so that the observa-tions at different epochs are related to the particular state. The dy… 相似文献
448.
449.
抗差估计中几种选权迭代法常数选取的探讨 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
常规抗差估计中采用选权迭代法时常数的取值是否合理直接关系到平差过程能否顺利进行和平差结果的优劣,本文通过对目前几种选权迭代法中常数的选取进行研究;得出:常数按K1=m ax(|(v1-l1)|)、C=m ax(|(vi-li)|)取值时,能有效解决常规取值方法(K1=3.0~8.0或K1=3.0~6.0,C=8)在粗差较大时出现秩亏、法方程系数矩阵奇异的现象,导致平差不能进行或者平差结果出现严重扭曲的问题,同时本文论述了在确保有解的情况下得到最优解的处理方法。 相似文献
450.