A STATISTICAL APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF MISSING SPATIAL DATA USING A FIRST-ORDER MARKOV MODEL*

Geographical data sets sometimes contain missing observations that need to be estimated. A statistical approach to the problem is discussed for multivariate normal spatial data sets satisfying the first-order spatial Markov property with constant mean, where the information at neighboring or contiguous observed sites is used to estimate the missing values. The completed data are used to estimate the parameters of the distribution. The procedure is iterative. The approach is a special case of the Orchard and Woodbury missing information principle. The paper concludes with an illustrative empirical example using rainfall data from an area of Kansas and Nebraska. The quality of the estimates for different sites are compared.     

An investigation of analysis of variance as a tool for exploring regional differences in strong ground motions

The statistical technique known as analysis of variance is applied to a large set of European strong-motion data to investigate whether strong ground motions show a regional dependence. This question is important when selecting strong-motion records for the derivation of ground motion prediction equations and also when choosing strong-motion records from one geographical region for design purposes in another. Five regions with much strong-motion data (the Caucasus region, central Italy, Friuli, Greece and south Iceland) are investigated here. For the magnitude and distance range where there are overlapping data from the five areas (2.50 M_s 5.50, 0 d 35 km) and consequently analysis of variance can be performed, there is little evidence for a regional dependence of ground motions. There is a lack of data from moderate and large magnitude earthquakes (M_s > 5.5) so analysis of variance cannot be performed there. Since there is uncertainty regarding scaling ground motions from small to large magnitudes whether ground motions from large earthquakes are significantly different in different parts of Europe is not known. Analysis of variance has the ability to complement other techniques for the assessment of regional dependence of ground motions.     

Synthetically adaptive robust filtering for satellite orbit determination

The precise orbit information is the premise of the application of satellite, and the precise orbit deter- mination includes dynamic and geometric methods. The dynamic method estimates the position and veloc-ity of a satellite at one epoch by extending the obser-vational arc in order to include more observations of different epochs in it. It is realized by integrating the dynamic equation of the satellite so that the observa-tions at different epochs are related to the particular state. The dy…     

Helmert方差分量估计严密公式与简化公式等价性的证明

在分析了Helmert方差分量估计严密公式与简化公式迭代收敛结果一些统计性质的基础上,导出了关于收敛结果共同的求解方程,从理论上证明了两种结果的等价性,为使用简化公式提供了依据。     

抗差估计中几种选权迭代法常数选取的探讨

常规抗差估计中采用选权迭代法时常数的取值是否合理直接关系到平差过程能否顺利进行和平差结果的优劣,本文通过对目前几种选权迭代法中常数的选取进行研究;得出:常数按K1=m ax(|(v1-l1)|)、C=m ax(|(vi-li)|)取值时,能有效解决常规取值方法(K1=3.0~8.0或K1=3.0~6.0,C=8)在粗差较大时出现秩亏、法方程系数矩阵奇异的现象,导致平差不能进行或者平差结果出现严重扭曲的问题,同时本文论述了在确保有解的情况下得到最优解的处理方法。     

用基于Givens变换的QR分解计算类GPS广播星历参数

分析研究类GPS广播星历参数拟合算法的必要性,来介绍可用于解最小二乘问题的Givens变换,讨论使用Givens变换计算MEO和小倾角GEO卫星的类GPS广播星历参数的适用性,并用模拟数据进行验证。     

航空重力测量数据向下延拓中空间协方差函数特性研究

本文通过对航空重力测量数据的分析,建立起具有空间相关特性的空间协方差函数模型。利用所建立的模型,将航空重力测量试验数据采用最小二乘配置的方法向下延拓到地面,与地面已知重力数据进行比较。由比较结果,分析了空间协方差函数模型对航空重力测量数据向下延拓结果的影响,并表明所建立的空间协方差函数模型,满足协方差函数特性,且在局部区域使用能够达到满意的精度要求。     

无控制DEM表面差异探测研究

本文提出了一个新的无控制DEM差异探测算法。它可以将不同时期获取的DEM纳入到统一坐标系中,这样就可以根据匹配后的DEM来定量探测地表变化情况。该方法通过差分模型考虑了观测量的数值及其相互关系。与目前差异探测能力最强的LMS-LZD方法相比,新方法具有更好的差异能力和更高的匹配精度。普歪沟泥石流沟多时相DEM差异探测实例验证了新方法的优越性。     

基于同伦算法的非线性最小二乘相位解缠

线性加权最小二乘方法进行相位解缠时,采用迭代法求解,收敛速度慢,不容易得到精确解。本文提出非线性相位解缠模型,并采用同伦算法实现非线性最小二乘相位解缠。通过真实数据与线性最小二乘相位解缠算法进行对比实验,验证了该方法是有效的,特别是在有噪声干扰的区域,该方法可以提高相位解缠的精度。     

GPS／GLoNASS组合定位的抗差Helmert方差分量估计模型

GPS和GLONASS存在系统差异,组合定位时,采用Helmert方差分量估计可得到更加准确的结果。但GNSS观测值常受到衍射信号和多路径效应的影响,使观测值存有粗差,从而导致Helmert方差分量估计的失真。为此,将抗差Helmert方差分量估计应用于GPS／GLONASS组合单点定位,实验结果表明：抗差Helmert方差分量估计可以有效地抑制组合系统粗差观测值的影响。