基于HAFMM的无射线追踪跨孔雷达走时层析成像

本文使用最小二乘线性迭代反演方法对跨孔雷达直达波初至时数据进行反演,每次迭代过程中,用有限差分法求解走时程函方程,并用高精度快速推进方法(HAFMM)进行波前扩展,通过追踪波前避免了进行射线追踪.为了验证该方案,我们对三组合成数据进行了测试,分析了单位矩阵算子、一阶差分算子和拉普拉斯算子等三种不同模型参数加权算子对模型的约束和平滑效果;讨论了FMM和HAFMM对反演精度的影响;测试了LSQR,GMRES和BICGSTAB等三种矩阵反演算法的反演效果.此外,我们还对一组野外实测数据进行了反演,对比了基于本方案以及基于平直射线追踪和弯曲射线追踪的走时层析成像反演效果.对比分析结果表明,使用拉普拉斯算子和HAFMM进行反演能较好地进行目标体重建,而三种矩阵反演方法对反演效果的影响差别不大;并且通过对波前等时线图的分析可以定性地判断异常体的性质和位置;而在对实测数据目标体的重建上,本方案能达到甚至优于弯曲射线算法的重建效果.     

Wide‐azimuth angle gathers for anisotropic wave‐equation migration

Extended common‐image‐point gathers (CIP) constructed by wide‐azimuth TI wave‐equation migration contain all the necessary information for angle decomposition as a function of the reflection and azimuth angles at selected locations in the subsurface. The aperture and azimuth angles are derived from the extended images using analytic relations between the space‐ and time‐lag extensions using information which is already available at the time of migration, i.e. the anisotropic model parameters. CIPs are cheap to compute because they can be distributed in the image at the most relevant positions, as indicated by the geologic structure. If the reflector dip is known at the CIP locations, then the computational cost can be reduced by evaluating only two components of the space‐lag vector. The transformation from extended images to angle gathers is a planar Radon transform which depends on the local medium parameters. This transformation allows us to separate all illumination directions for a given experiment, or between different experiments. We do not need to decompose the reconstructed wavefields or to choose the most energetic directions for decomposition. Applications of the method include illumination studies in complex areas where ray‐based methods fail, and assuming that the subsurface illumination is sufficiently dense, the study of amplitude variation with aperture and azimuth angles.     

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Abstract

This paper develops a new analytical solution for the aquifer system, which comprises an unconfined aquifer on the top, a semi-confined aquifer at the bottom and an aquitard between them. This new solution is derived from the Boussinesq equation for the unconfined aquifer and one-dimensional leaky confined flow equation for the lower aquifer using the perturbation method, considering the water table over-height at the remote boundary. The head fluctuation predicted from this solution is generally greater than the one solved from the linearized Boussinesq equation when the ratio of the tidal amplitude to the thickness of unconfined aquifer is large. It is found that both submarine groundwater discharges from upper and lower aquifers increase with tidal amplitude–aquifer thickness ratio and may be underestimated if the discharge is calculated based on the average head fluctuation. The effects of the aquifer parameters and linearization of the Boussinesq equation on the normalized head fluctuation are also investigated.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor J. Simunek

Citation Chuang, M.-H., Mahdi, A.-A. and Yeh, H.-D., 2012. A perturbation solution for head fluctuations in a coastal leaky aquifer system considering water table over-height. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (1), 162–172.     

Analytical inversion of specific energy–depth relationship in channels with parabolic cross-sections

Abstract

The specific energy–depth relationship in open channels with parabolic cross-sections is analytically inverted. Two nondimensional expressions of the specific energy are considered, depending on the prescribed quantity (specific energy or alternate depth). The inversion of such functions consists of finding the roots of cubic and quartic equations. By solving a quartic equation for a given discharge and for each value of the specific energy, a subcritical depth and a supercritical depth are found analytically. In this case, two acceptable roots are recognized and two other roots are discarded, on the basis of their physical meaning. Moreover, by solving a cubic equation for a given discharge and for each value of the depth, the other corresponding alternate depth is found analytically. Then, one acceptable root is recognized and two other complex conjugate roots are discarded. Finally, different examples are presented, to show the efficiency of the proposed solutions. Such analytical solutions can be easily used in natural rivers and parabolic channels.

Citation Vatankhah, A. R. & Valiani, A. (2011) Analytical inversion of specific energy–depth relationship in channels with parabolic cross-sections. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(5), 834–840.     

Identification of optimal soil hydraulic functions and parameters for predicting soil moisture

Abstract

The accuracy of six combined methods formed by three commonly-used soil hydraulic functions and two methods to determine soil hydraulic parameters based on a soil hydraulic parameter look-up table and soil pedotransfer functions was examined for simulating soil moisture. A novel data analysis and modelling approach was used that eliminated the effects of evapotranspiration so that specific sources of error among the six combined methods could be identified and quantified. By comparing simulated and observed soil moisture at six sites of the USDA Soil Climate Analysis Network, we identified the optimal soil hydraulic functions and parameters for predicting soil moisture. Through sensitivity tests, we also showed that adjusting only the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, K_s , is insufficient for representing important effects of macropores on soil hydraulic conductivity. Our analysis illustrates that, in general, soil hydraulic conductivity is less sensitive to K_s than to the soil pore-size distribution parameter.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor D. Hughes

Citation Pan, F., McKane, R.B. and Stieglitz, M., 2012. Identification of optimal soil hydraulic functions and parameters for predicting soil moisture. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (4), 723–737.     

逆时偏移中的归一化加权互相关成像条件及应用

成像条件是决定声波方程叠前逆时深度偏移效果的重要因素。常规的归一化互相关成像条件能补偿深部地层的反射波能量,但无法压制地震波逆时偏移过程中产生的偏移噪声。针对归一化互相关成像条件的主要缺陷,从二维声波方程出发,在交错网格空间中推导了声波方程逆时延拓的高阶有限差分格式和PML吸收边界条件,进而在对常规互相关成像条件分析的基础上对其进行改进,给出了一种加权互相关成像条件,即在成像过程中利用炮检波场的夹角进行加权校正,以实现只利用炮点下行波场与接收点上行波场进行成像的目标。模型数据和实测资料偏移结果表明,归一化加权互相关成像条件成像效果明显优于常规归一化互相关成像条件。     

蓄滞洪区洪水资源化的益损定量分析——以大黄堡洼为例

为在蓄滞洪区利用洪水资源,探讨洪水资源化收益和损失的函数关系及其定量分析方法。以大黄堡洼为例,建立收益和损失的准量化函数,基于水文和土地利用信息,采用水力学数学模型,澄清3种特定洪水重现期条件下收益与损失的时空转换关系。研究表明,临界水深是实施洪水资源化规划和管控的关键参数;洪水资源化的入流面积、受益面积、平均水深、最大水深与入流洪量成非线性正比关系,并受到地形地貌和土地利用变化等因素的综合影响。     

非均匀弹性介质地震波场伪谱法正演模拟

基于一阶速度—应力弹性波波动方程,利用傅里叶变换将空间导数变换到频率域求解,对介质波场进行正演模拟。本文结合实际勘探中可能存在的地质问题,设计了多种地质模型,包括背斜模型、向斜模型、透镜体模型和断层--侵入体模型等,进行了伪谱法地震波场正演模拟、合成地震记录的实现,并分析了其波场动力学变化特征。结果表明,应用伪谱法对复杂模型的模拟有较高的精度和可靠性,可直接用于辅助地震野外工作设计、反演解释和资料解释等工作。     

“大村庄制”合并村庄脆弱性评估——以宁夏永宁县试验区为个案

宁夏永宁县试验区内各合并村庄受到外部扰动时会表现出一定程度的脆弱性,并通过敏感性与适应力状况表达出来。基于结构方程模型原理构建合并村庄测量模型、一阶脆弱性SEM,运算处理试验区内8个合并村庄1600份有效问卷的调查数据,优化出合并村庄脆弱性评估指标,估算评估指标权重;依据优化出的脆弱性评估指标及评估指标权重构建灰色定权聚类模型,从扰动、敏感性、适应力3个维度评估合并村庄的脆弱性。结果表明:试验区内合并村庄整体上扰动效果差、敏感性较强、适应力一般。脆弱性规律为扰动效果好则敏感性弱、适应力强、脆弱性程度低,扰动效果差则敏感性较强或强、适应力一般、脆弱性程度高或较高。     

新疆探空仪器换型前后资料对比分析

选取阿勒泰、阿克苏、和田等8个台站L波段和59-701系统对比观测逐日07时和19时850～100 hPa 10个位势等压面上的高度、气温、露点温度数据,进行差值、离散程度分析,对数据进行t检验,并给出订正方程.研究发现:(1)温度差值07时阿勒泰、库尔勒、民丰等5站为正,哈密、若羌、阿克苏三站为负,正值表明L波段雷达探测的温度值大于59型的温度值,大部分台站19时的差值比07时稳定.(2)高度差值07时和19时4站为正,250 hPa以下差值在0～-10之间,250 hPa以上差值迅速增大,除个别台站外差值最大值均在100 hPa处.(3)07、19时露点温度差值除个别等压面外均为负值,且07时的差值大于19时.(4)大部分台站的高度、温度能通过信度α=0.05的检验,说明L波段与59-701雷达探空高度和气温观测资料无显著性差异.露点温度均未能通过T检验,通过计算给出订正方程.