Glacier Changes on the Qiangtang Plateau between 1976 and 2015: A Case Study in the Xainza Xiegang Mountains

Xainza County on the Qiangtang Plateau (QP) spans a transitionally climatic and eco-environmental zone and is therefore a very sensitive region. Glaciers in this area are one of the most important kinds of land cover as well as key water resources, yet our understanding of their current status and spatio-temporal change remains limited. Using Landsat images, this study investigated the current distribution of glaciers (2015) in the Xainza Xiegang Mountains as well as the spatio-temporal changes that took place over six time periods between 1976 and 2015. Results show that, in 2015, 131 glaciers covered a total area of 74.59 ± 5.25 km², mainly located between 5,600 and 6,000 m above sea level (a.s.l). Between 1976 and 2015, the total number of glaciers increased by 12, while their areas decreased by 24.98% (24.83 km²). Glacial retreat has induced a loss of water resources of 11.77 × 10⁸ m³ over the last 39 years, while spatial heterogeneities in glacial changes across various sub-basins, aspects, and altitudinal zones are also clearly observed. Climate warming is the key factor driving this continuous glacial retreat; the high-quality dataset presented in this paper for the Xainza Xiegang study area is crucial for the ongoing assessment of climatic and eco-environmental changes.     

Assessing the progress of desertification of the southern edge of Chihuahuan Desert: A case study of San Luis Potosi Plateau

The aim of this study is to establish if the San Luis Potosi Plateau (SLPP), which is part of the southern edge of the Chihuahuan Desert, is generating desertification processes, indicating a progression of the desert toward the central part of Mexico. Therefore, we analyzed the temporal evolution of four environmental indicators of desertification: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Iron Oxides Index (IO) and Surface Temperature (ST). Landsat TM images are used to cover a period from 1990 to 2011. A new equation of total balance is proposed to generate an image of the overall evolution of each factor which is applied to get a probability map of desertification. The evolution of NDVI, NDWI and IO shows a behavior almost stable over the time. In contrast, the ST shows a slight increase. The outcomes of this study confirm periods of vegetation re-greening and 8.80% of the SLPP has the highest probability to develop desertification. The most affected area is the portion west of the region, and the east and south are the least affected areas. The results suggest a slight advance of the desert, although most of the area doesn’t have the necessary conditions to develop desertification.     

Landsat8 OLI图像增强与岩性识别方法

新疆维吾尔自治区阿克陶县布伦口地区海拔高、穿越条件差、岩性复杂,因而研究Landsat8 OLI数据信息增强与岩性识别在该区有强大的应用需求,也有遥感岩性识别的理论意义。区内不同岩性单元光谱较为相似,仅利用最佳波段组合(OIF)指数、主成分分析(PCA)和独立主成分分析(ICA)等图像增强方法均不能最大限度地区分各岩性单元。通过分析独立主成分变换之后各岩性单元的特征向量,发现不同岩性单元特征向量差异比原图像光谱差异增大,为扩大差异,依据特征向量统计结果构建比值运算,再联合PCA特征向量进行彩色合成,各岩性单元可识别性显著增加。研究表明:(1)采用联合多种图像增强的方法能将研究区不同岩性单元进行分离;(2)国道314南北两侧地层均划归布伦阔勒岩群的结论有误,其北侧仍属布伦阔岩石,南侧实为片麻状二长花岗岩;(3)沙湖南东原划归志留纪的岩石单元可进一步分解为志留纪地层和元古代布伦阔勒岩群岩石单元。该方法有推广应用价值和深化研究的前景。     

珠江三角洲土地覆盖变化对地表温度的影响

由于经济的快速增长,1978年以来的25年中,珠江三角洲地区的土地覆盖变化,特别是城市扩展速度非常之快。通过把遥感和地理信息系统相结合,研究了土地覆盖变化及城市增长状况,并且评估了城市增长对地表温度的影响。利用陆地卫星多时段数据监测了土地利用和土地覆盖变化;通过陆地卫星热红外单波段反演了地表温度,研究了土地覆盖变化特别是城市增长对地表温度的影响。结果发现,珠江三角洲地区土地覆盖变化明显,城市增长显著且不平衡。城市的发展使城市化地区的地表温度提高了8.9K。研究表明,遥感和地理信息系统的结合,在监测和分析土地覆盖变化,特别是城市增长状况以及评估城市化对地表温度的影响方面,是十分有效的。     

基于TM影象的快速大气校正方法

文章针对Landsat TM影象,设计出一种简单快速的大气校正方法。该方法主要是在DOS法的基础上 ,比较合理地分析暗体反射率值,并结合大气辐射传输模型,通过对大气程辐射的确定方法进行改进,给出一种基于TM影象自身信息的快速的、行之有效的大气辐射校正方法。此方法显著特点就是不需要依赖任何外部信息,直接从TM影象上读取所需信息,运算速度快,简单有效。     

SAR与TM图像监测耕地被毁情况对比研究

从SAR与LandsatTM成像机理出发,通过对图像像元剖面分析,比较两种图像在监测农村耕地被毁方面的优缺点,探讨土地利用现状监测的有效途径。     

卫星TM影像阴影消除方法的探讨

地形决定了地面电磁波反射的强弱,反射的强弱又决定了被动遥感影像的质量。卫星影像的阴影与地形密切相关,山势越陡峭,影像阴影越多。云南省菜阳河保护区山高坡陡,TM卫星影像的阴影也相对增加,占10%以上。这给判读带来了很大的不便。本文利用阴阳坡归一化探讨了地形阴影消除的方法,并在菜阳河保护区及其它保护区影像阴影消除中取得了很好的效果。     

黑河中游非均匀地表能量通量的卫星遥感参数化

对黑河中游非均匀地表区域地表能量通量和蒸发(或蒸散)的研究是一个十分重要但又是一个难点问题。文中提出了2个基于卫星遥感和地面观测的参数化方案,并把其用于黑河中游地区。同时利用2个景的陆地资源卫星Landsat TM资料进行了分析研究,得到了一些有关非均匀地表的沙漠化地区的区域地表特征参数、植被参数和地表能量通量的新概念。文章最后还讨论了所提出的参数化方案的适用范围和所需的改进之处。     

The current tectonic motion of the Northern Andes along the Algeciras Fault System in SW Colombia

Riedel, synthetic and antithetic type faults, principal displacement zones (PDZ), pull-apart basins (such as lazy-S shaped releasing bend, extensive and rhomboidal shaped and releasing sidestep basins) and minor folds located oblique to the main trace of the Algeciras Fault System (AFS) are interpreted from Landsat TM 5 images and geological mapping. These tectonic features are affecting Quaternary deposits and are related to major historical earthquakes and recent registered seismic events, indicating neotectonic activity of the structure.The AFS is classified as a right lateral wrench complex structure, with an important vertical component in which sedimentary cover and basement rocks are involved. In addition, the system represents a simple shear caused by the oblique convergence between the Nazca Plate and the northern Andes. The transpressive boundary in SW Colombia was previously located along the Eastern Frontal Fault System. However, this paper shows that the AFS constitutes the actual boundary of the current transpressive regime along the Northern Andes, which begins at the Gulf of Guayaquil in Ecuador and continues into Colombia and Venezuela.     

三门峡小浪底区间暴雨致洪水文下垫面遥感调查

以2002年4月18日Landsat TM/ETM 多时相、高分辨率遥感数据为主要数据源,对黄河三门峡至小浪底区间暴雨致洪水文下垫面进行调查。通过遥感图像处理、结合常规资料和野外调查,在水文下垫面主要因子分类基础上,建立解释标志。采用人机交互方式提取研究区地貌、土壤、植被、土地利用等信息,在较短时间内得到黄河三门峡至小浪底区间下垫面基本情况,对提高该区间水文预报精度、缩短洪水预见期具有重要作用。