Modelling the standing timber volume of Baden-Württemberg—A large-scale approach using a fusion of Landsat,airborne LiDAR and National Forest Inventory data

Remote sensing-based timber volume estimation is key for modelling the regional potential, accessibility and price of lignocellulosic raw material for an emerging bioeconomy. We used a unique wall-to-wall airborne LiDAR dataset and Landsat 7 satellite images in combination with terrestrial inventory data derived from the National Forest Inventory (NFI), and applied generalized additive models (GAM) to estimate spatially explicit timber distribution and volume in forested areas. Since the NFI data showed an underlying structure regarding size and ownership, we additionally constructed a socio-economic predictor to enhance the accuracy of the analysis. Furthermore, we balanced the training dataset with a bootstrap method to achieve unbiased regression weights for interpolating timber volume. Finally, we compared and discussed the model performance of the original approach (r² = 0.56, NRMSE = 9.65%), the approach with balanced training data (r² = 0.69, NRMSE = 12.43%) and the final approach with balanced training data and the additional socio-economic predictor (r² = 0.72, NRMSE = 12.17%). The results demonstrate the usefulness of remote sensing techniques for mapping timber volume for a future lignocellulose-based bioeconomy.     

两种不同尺度下地表温度之间的转换——以艾比湖流域精河县为例

针对Landsat数据收集易受到传感器及外部环境的影响,数据成像周期长,不能获取所需要的数据;而中分辨率成像光谱仪数据具有较高的波谱分辨率、时间分辨率和免费获取,适合于进行大尺度、周期性的研究等优点,该文提出了建立Landsat反演的温度数据与中分辨率成像光谱仪温度产品两种数据间的关系,以便两种数据间的相互转换及验证.采用单窗算法对2011年9月13日Landsat热红外数据进行了地表温度反演,并将其与同一天MOD11A1数据中的LST_day_1km数据进行了比较,选取典型地表类型进行讨论.结果表明在所选的典型地物中,绿地(耕地、林地)温度的相关性最高,地表覆盖单一,像元的混合度较低;盐漠(包括盐渍地、荒漠等)温度的相关性较低,其地处绿洲与沙漠过渡带,地表覆盖相较于绿地复杂,像元的混合程度较高;湖面温度的相关性最低,湖面像元受到湖水深度、影像分辨率等的影响,其温度受到很大影响.该文所建立的函数关系,可为今后利用中分辨率成像光谱仪温度产品数据推导出同一时间上热混合影像中的地表温度提供参考.     

The influence correction of boreal forest vegetation on SRTM data

The digital elevation model based on SRTM is very convenient for a wide range of studies but requires correction due to the influence of forest vegetation. The present study was conducted to analyse the effect of boreal forests on altitudes, aspects and slopes calculated from the SRTM. A DEM based on topographic maps at 1:100 000 scale was used as a reference. The linear regression analysis showed low data correlation in forested areas. The presence of different types of forests and felling in the woods leads to a complex distribution of deviations from the SRTM. A simple correction method was proposed, using a forest mask, built according to Landsat, and forest heights indicated on the topographic maps. After correction, the correlation coefficient between the altitudes increased by 0.05–0.14, the share of matching aspects by 1–4% and the share of matching slopes by 2–8%.     

Mapping rubber trees based on phenological analysis of Landsat time series data-sets

This study proposes a strategy for accurate mapping of rubber trees through the analysis of Landsat time series datasets. The phenological dynamics of rubber trees were derived from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to verify the three important phenological metrics of rubber trees; defoliation, foliation and their growing stages. A decade (2006–2015) ago, Landsat time series NDVIs were used to study the strength of relationship between rubber trees, evergreen trees and oil palm trees. Two important results that could discriminate these three types of vegetation were found; firstly, a weak relationship of NDVIs between rubber trees and evergreen trees during the defoliation period (r² = 0.1358) and secondly between rubber trees and oil palm trees during the growing period (r² = 0.2029). This analysis was verified using Support Vector Machine to map the distribution of the three types of vegetation. An accurate mapping strategy of rubber trees was successfully formulated.     

2012-2015年中缅油气管道重要节点土地利用/覆被时空变化分析

"中缅油气管道"是我国陆上第三大能源通道,该项目的建设将改变其沿线周边的土地利用/覆盖现状,同时对沿线地区的自然环境和社会经济发展产生重要影响。本文选取中缅油气管道沿线的国内11个重要节点和缅甸境内4个重要节点作为研究区,以2012年和2015年2期Landsat7 ETM+和Landsat8 OLI影像数据作为数据源,利用决策树分类算法提取2012年和2015年2期中缅油气管道沿线重要节点的土地利用/覆被信息,分析2012年和2015年2个时期的中缅油气管道沿线15个重要节点土地利用/覆被的时空变化。研究结果表明：①15个节点中,除德宏芒市、保山隆阳区、缅甸若开邦外,其他11个节点的土地覆被变化均在20%左右;②15个节点中,最主要的土地覆被变化为植被和裸土的相互转换,其次为其他土地覆被类型向建筑的转换;③由于中缅油气管道项目的辐射作用,带动当地经济发展,改变当地的经济作物结构,因此造成大量的植被和裸土的相互转换,并造成建筑用地需求增加,出现大量的其他地表覆被类型向建筑的转换。     

滇东南文山地区铝土矿遥感资源评价

滇东南铝土矿资源最为集中,但地质条件较复杂。使用传统遥感矿化蚀变信息提取方法效果欠佳。本文尝试通过进行羟基蚀变信息的提取确定铝土矿的靶区,取得较好的效果。     

Evolution of debris cover on glaciers of the Eastern Alps,Austria, between 1996 and 2015

Debris cover on glaciers is an important component of glacial systems as it influences climate–glacier dynamics and thus the lifespan of glaciers. Increasing air temperatures, permafrost thaw and rock faces freshly exposed by glacier downwasting in accumulation zones result in increased rockfall activity and debris input. In the ablation zone, negative mass balances result in an enhanced melt-out of englacial debris. Glacier debris cover thus represents a clear signal of climate warming in mountain areas. To assess the temporal development of debris on glaciers of the Eastern Alps, Austria, we mapped debris cover on 255 glaciers using Landsat data at three time steps. We applied a ratio-based threshold classification technique and analysed glacier catchment characteristics to understand debris sources better. Across the Austrian Alps, debris cover increased by more than 10% between 1996 and 2015 while glaciers retreated in response to climate warming. Debris cover distribution shows significant regional variability, with some mountain ranges being characterised by mean debris cover on glaciers of up to 75%. We also observed a general rise of the mean elevation of debris cover on glaciers in Austria. The debris cover distribution and dynamics are highly variable due to topographic, lithological and structural settings that determine the amount of debris delivered to and stored in the glacier system. Despite strong variation in debris cover, all glaciers investigated melted at increasing rates. We conclude that the retarding effects of debris cover on the mass balance and melt rate of Austrian glaciers is strongly subdued compared with other mountain areas. The study indicates that, if this trend continues, many glaciers in Austria may become fully debris covered. However, since debris cover seems to have little impact on melt rates, this would not lead to prolonged existence of debris-covered ice compared with clean ice glaciers.     

精河到伊宁公路沿线积雪及其影响

利用MODIS和Landsat TM/ETM+遥感数据,得出研究区的积雪面积,同时结合精伊公路规划图及地形图,分析了公路沿线可能存在风吹雪和雪崩的危险区,并提出相应的防治措施。结果表明:研究区近5年来11月到次年3月是积雪最丰富时期,9月、10月、4月和5月积雪较少。近5年来积雪呈增加趋势,最大积雪时间集中在2009—2010年积雪季。MODIS积雪数据精度在积雪面积越大时,精度越高;积雪面积越小时,精度越低。精伊公路东线走廊K60以上路段和西线走廊K100以上路段风吹雪对公路影响较大;精伊公路北段的雪崩的可能性很小;东线走廊K60～K77段和西线走廊K90～K110段有一定的雪崩灾害;西线走廊K58～K90段有较大的雪崩危害。并提出防治措施。     

TM/ETM+影像大气校正产品质量评价方法研究

对TM/ETM+的大气校正产品质量进行评价是改进影像质量的必要手段。提出采用已有高质量TM/ETM+表面反射率产品作为参考影像评价TM/ETM+的大气校正产品质量的方法。该方法设计了面向产品质量评价的影像光谱采样方案和多时相遥感影像PIFs(pseudo invariant features,PIFs)样本自动识别方法,能对多时相/季相TM/ETM+大气校正产品质量进行评价。试验表明该方法能准确识别PIFs地物,评价结果真实反映了遥感影像大气校正结果准确度。方法具有快速和低成本等特点,能开展规模化应用。     

采用高分辨率TM遥感数据对草原沙化治理工程进行生态效益评价

摘要本文以高分辨率TM遥感数据为基础,对位于浑善达克沙地境内的草原沙化治理工程采用遥感影像处理与定量分析和模拟相结合的方法,建立了草原沙化治工程生态效益快速评价体系。