多障碍环境中基于增强式学习的势场优化和机器人路径规划

该文把增强式学习方法应用于多障碍环境中机器人路径规划 ,并将增强式学习和路径规划相结合 ,通过工作空间势场的自适应优化学习 ,实现机器人的全局路径规划 ,即得到从任何初始位置开始的最优路径。与传统的人工势场方法相比 ,该方法避免了势场中局部极小点所引起的陷阱区域 ,并且所得到的路径具有最优特性。计算机仿真实验结果表明 ,这种学习方法能有效的解决多障碍环境中的机器人路径规划问题     

Use of openly available occurrence data to generate biodiversity maps within the South African EEZ

Biodiversity maps are an important component of ecosystem-based management and conservation. In the past, biodiversity maps were largely generated using patchy occurrence data from a range of data sources. Currently, substantial species occurrence data are readily available for large parts of the world and are accessible programmatically. Considering both the observed and expected changes in species distributions, and hence biodiversity, in response to present and future climate change, it is important to utilise readily available species occurrence databases to generate temporal and spatial biodiversity maps. In this study biodiversity maps were generated for three generic functional groups within the exclusive economic zone of South Africa: zooplankton, fishes and benthos. This was achieved by stacking individual species-distribution maps. Freely available occurrence data from the Ocean Biogeographic Information System (OBIS) were accessed for this purpose. Ensemble species-distribution modelling, employing five widely used statistical methods, was used to generate species-distribution maps for each functional group. The resulting spatial patterns of biodiversity for the three functional groups were largely in agreement with known patterns. The results of this study highlight the value of open-source occurrence and environmental data to generate biodiversity maps that can potentially be used in future spatial prioritisation or planning for management of marine areas and in environmental-change studies.     

基于城市生态空间土地整治的生物群落构建

随着城市生态文明建设步伐加快,城市建设对生态用地的需求日益增加。然而中国城市生态空间土地整治工程建设中存在过度注重美学和视觉效应、盲目引进外来种、植物配置不合理、大面积运用草坪等现象,在城市生态文明建设的同时也引发了很多问题。通过分析生态文明背景下中国城市生态空间规划与建设存在的问题,结合城市土地整治生态空间特点,总结提出了“人+植物”群落城市土地整治生态修复基础理论,并以陕西省渭南市渭东新城综合整治项目为例,重点阐述了城市土地整治过程中生态空间群落构建的方法要点和具体思路。结果表明:在城市土地整治修复和生态空间建设中,重点利用本土植物群落特性,构建复层植物群落;丰富区域生物多样性,打造平衡的生态链;充分考虑人与自然的耦合关系,并以“人+植物”群落为单位与城市设施、人类活动、环境承载力综合考虑设计城市生态景观,最终可以构建优美、可持续的城市生态空间。     

Simulating urban land use change by integrating a convolutional neural network with vector-based cellular automata

ABSTRACT

Vector-based cellular automata (VCA) models have been applied in land use change simulations at fine scales. However, the neighborhood effects of the driving factors are rarely considered in the exploration of the transition suitability of cells, leading to lower simulation accuracy. This study proposes a convolutional neural network (CNN)-VCA model that adopts the CNN to extract the high-level features of the driving factors within a neighborhood of an irregularly shaped cell and discover the relationships between multiple land use changes and driving factors at the neighborhood level. The proposed model was applied to simulate urban land use changes in Shenzhen, China. Compared with several VCA models using other machine learning methods, the proposed CNN-VCA model obtained the highest simulation accuracy (figure-of-merit = 0.361). The results indicated that the CNN-VCA model can effectively uncover the neighborhood effects of multiple driving factors on the developmental potential of land parcels and obtain more details on the morphological characteristics of land parcels. Moreover, the land use patterns of 2020 and 2025 under an ecological control strategy were simulated to provide decision support for urban planning.     

Social equity and the probability of success of biodiversity conservation

Conservation actions generally benefit some groups more than others, and this inequity is thought to affect the probability of achieving conservation objectives. This has led to the common assumption that triple bottom line solutions – those that are effective, efficient, and equitable – are best and most likely to achieve each individual objective. Although this may be true, it has been little tested, and importantly lacks a conceptual foundation for understanding, predicting and evaluating how equity affects conservation outcomes. We describe types of equity relevant to conservation and explore how they may affect the probability of successfully achieving conservation outcomes. Depending on the equity type and context, the relationship between equity and conservation success varies. We find that the best conservation outcome is often achieved without perfect equity; highlighting the risk of ignoring the relationship between equity and success. We offer a conceptual foundation for better addressing this important issue in future research and application.     

An analysis of 200-year-long changes in a landscape affected by large-scale surface coal mining: History,present and future

We have investigated almost 200 years of landscape transformations in a traditional brown coal mining region in northwest Bohemia, Czech Republic. The investigation was focused on the central part of the North Bohemian Basin including 44 cadastral areas representing a total area of 228.48 km². Within this area, an analysis of land use in six different time periods (1845, 1954, 1975, 1989, 2010, 2050) was performed. The analysis therefore includes the transitory period of a boom and slow-down of surface coal mining and also provides a unique comparison with the planned future condition of the landscape after the year 2050, when the mines have been closed down and the landscape restored. Practically all available geographic data resources on land use have been used – the stable cadastre, topographic maps, current landscape mapping and aerial photographs. We differentiated twelve land-use categories. Both Friedman test and detrended correspondence analysis show significant differences in the representation of individual land-use categories and characteristics of the landscape before and during mining operations and after their discontinuance and revitalisation of spoil tips and in residual pits. For a long period of time, agricultural landscape was changed into an industrial one. The basin part of the studied territory almost completely lacks eco-stabilising features that could be used as a basis for planning of a new landscape. This is because the original landscape had been intensively used for agriculture previously, and almost one half of the territory was over-exploited and other areas were affected by operation facilities and coal processing industrial plants. With the growing number of reclamation projects, the diversity of the landscape has been increasing, as well as the proportion of ecologically valuable elements (mostly forests and water bodies), whose total area could exceed 70% of the landscape's surface in the future, approximating its characteristics to a natural landscape with a high degree of ecological stability.     

国土空间规划体系下地质文化村规划编制研究

响应乡村振兴战略的地质文化村建设正如火如荼地开展,而地质文化村规划却滞后于地质文化村建设。实施乡村振兴战略要坚持规划先行,以地质文化村规划引领地质文化村建设是必要的。本研究将地质文化村规划定位为国土空间规划体系下的专项规划,并提出构建地质背景下的自然文化资源保护专项规划体系的建议。针对范围划定,提出了先划定地质资源范围,再综合划定地质文化村规划范围的方法。在比较分析地质文化村规划、地质公园规划、村庄规划主要内容的基础上,结合江西大洲塘地质文化村规划实践探索,提出地质文化村规划的15项主要内容,包括9项强制性内容和6项引导性内容。在规划内容中,注重突出地质产业、彰显地质特色、融入地学文化和衔接好空间规划。     

国土空间规划体系下地质文化村规划编制研究

响应乡村振兴战略的地质文化村建设正如火如荼地开展,而地质文化村规划却滞后于地质文化村建设。实施乡村振兴战略要坚持规划先行,以地质文化村规划引领地质文化村建设是必要的。本研究将地质文化村规划定位为国土空间规划体系下的专项规划,并提出构建地质背景下的自然文化资源保护专项规划体系的建议。针对范围划定,提出了先划定地质资源范围,再综合划定地质文化村规划范围的方法。在比较分析地质文化村规划、地质公园规划、村庄规划主要内容的基础上,结合江西大洲塘地质文化村规划实践探索,提出地质文化村规划的15项主要内容,包括9项强制性内容和6项引导性内容。在规划内容中,注重突出地质产业、彰显地质特色、融入地学文化和衔接好空间规划。     

基于多元资料的成都市2049远景发展战略规划气候可行性论证

配合2015年成都市2049远景发展战略规划编制,利用成都市气象和空气质量观测数据、卫星遥感、地理信息及城市规划土地利用资料,对该市风、热/冷环境和大气环境进行计算分析,结果表明:①成都市主导风向为NE,年平均风速为1.2m/s,静风频率高达34%,冬季风速最小。市域内风速总体呈东北向西南递减趋势,西部沿龙门山岷江口和湔江口为市域2处主要通风口。21世纪00年代城市集中区风速较20世纪80、90年代显著减少,NE和NW风向上减少可达0.5m/s。②该市较强等级以上热岛面积由1992年的53.6km~2发展至2014年的798km~2,且热岛中心呈现多极化。高级别生态冷源集中于龙门山和龙泉山,大规模城市扩张与沿山坡耕地是热/冷环境恶化的重要原因。③成都大气环境状况不佳,空气污染程度呈现城区—近郊—远郊递减特征。2007—2014年城区PM10和NO2平均浓度分别为0.116mg/m~3和0.054mg/m~3,均未达国家环境空气质量二级标准。④绘制了成都市城市气候分析图,并结合实地调查、土地利用现状以及发展诉求,形成了城市规划气候建议图,将全市划分为6类规划分区,明确了对气候影响程度不同的各类空间,进而为成都市2049远景发展战略规划提出了气候可行性建议。     

Marine governance in an industrialised ocean: A case study of the emerging marine renewable energy industry

The world׳s oceans are currently undergoing an unprecedented period of industrialisation, made possible by advances in technology and driven by our growing need for food, energy and resources. This is placing the oceans are under intense pressure, and the ability of existing marine governance frameworks to sustainably manage the marine environment is increasingly being called into question. Emerging industries are challenging all aspects of these frameworks, raising questions regarding ownership and rights of the sea and its resources, management of environmental impacts, and management of ocean space. This paper uses the emerging marine renewable energy (MRE) industry, particularly in the United Kingdom (UK), as a case study to introduce and explore some of the key challenges. The paper concludes that the challenges are likely to be extensive and argues for development of a comprehensive legal research agenda to advance both MRE technologies and marine governance frameworks.