BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Unfairly Structured Cities . Blair Badcock Religion and Rural Revolt . Janos M. Bak and Gerhard Benecke The Industrial Geography of Canada . Anthony Blackbourn and Robert G. Putnam The Cuban-American Experience, Culture, Images, and Perspectives. Thomas D. Boswell and James R. Curtis Quaternary Paleoclimatology . R. S. Bradley Development and Crisis in Brazil, 1930–1983 . Luiz Bresser Pereiras Centres of Origin in Biogeography . John C. Briggs Analytical Urban Geography . Martin Cadwallader Geomorphology . Richard J. Chorley , Stanley A. Schumm, and David E. Sugden South Africa: The Impact of Past Geographies . A. J. Christopher The Geography of Underdevelopment. A Critical Survey . D. K. Forbes Health Care in Developing Countries . Wilbert M. Gesler Place to Grow Old: The Meaning of Environment in Old Age . Stephen M. Golant The Emerging Marine Economy of the Pacific . Chennat Gopalakrishnan An Introduction to Agricultural Geography . David B. Grigg The Soviet Union: A Geographical Study . G. Melvyn Howe Geographical Aspects of Health: Essays in Honour of Andrew Learmonth . N. D. Mc Glashan and J. R. Blunden Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation . Tom L. Mc Knight Mountain Experience. The Psychology and Sociology of Adventure. Richard G. Mitchell Jr . Systematic and Regional Biogeography. Stanley A. Morain The Economic Transformation of American Cities. T. J. Noyelle and T. M. Stanback , Jr . Normal Accidents: Living With High-Risk Technologies. Charles Perrow Vanishing Farmland: A Legal Solution for the States. Sarah E. Redfield Applied Methods of Regional Analysis: The Spatial Dimensions of Development Policy. Dennis A. Rondinelli Urbanization in Romania. A Geography of Social and Economic Change Since Independence. Per Ronnas Statistical Techniques in Geographical Analysis. Gareth Shaw and Dennis Wheeler The Granite Garden: Urban Nature and Human Design. Anne Whiston Spirn Political Geography: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Peter Taylor and John House Geographia y Medio Ambiente. Manuel Valenzuela -Rubío Nãgara and Commandery: Origins of the Southeast Asian Urban Traditions. Paul Wheatley The Common Fisheries Policy of the European Community. Mark Wise Geography and Gender. Women and Geography Study Group of the IBG Technological Hazards. D. J. Zeigler , J. H. Johnson , S. D. Brunn     

Place-based or sector-based adaptation? A case study of municipal and fishery policy integration

Place-based adaptation planning is an approach to address cross-sectoral and multi-level governance concerns as well as to build local adaptive capacity in vulnerable resource-dependent communities facing the adverse impacts of climate change. In contrast, sector-based adaptation planning focuses on addressing climate change impacts on individual economic sectors (e.g. fisheries or forestry) or sub-sectors (such as lobsters or timber). Yet, linking sectoral approaches with local adaptation policies is challenging. More effort is needed to identify opportunities for complementary adaptation strategies and policy integration to foster multiple benefits. In this article, we use a case study of fishery sector resources and municipal adaptation planning in Nova Scotia to demonstrate how meaningful entry points could catalyse policy integration and lead to co-benefits across multiple levels and stakeholder groups. Drawing on a fisheries systems and fish chain framework, we identify and assess several entry points for policy integration across sector- and place-based adaptation domains within coastal habitats, as well as harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors. The analysis highlights the multiple benefits of integrating local municipal adaptation plans with multi-scale resource sectors especially towards monitoring ecosystem changes, protecting essential infrastructure, and securing local livelihoods.

POLICY RELEVANCE

Climate change is having a growing impact on coastal communities around the world, with consequences for sea-level rise, critical habitats, essential infrastructure, and multiple economic sectors and industries. This Canadian case study demonstrates how municipal adaptation initiatives can be complementary to sector-based adaptation at both local and regional levels through various entry points across commodity production chains. Policy integration across place-based and sector-based adaptation processes should lead to multiple benefits such as conserving marine biodiversity, protecting essential infrastructure, and securing livelihoods. Our analysis, which focuses specifically on the fishery sector and coastal communities, shows that these co-benefits may arise particularly in such coastal-marine systems and provide policy lessons to terrestrial systems and other sectors.     

南疆典型城市环境质量与风向特征分析

利用1981—2015年气象观测资料,选择阿克苏市、喀什市、和田市、阿图什市4市作为样本,分析了南疆典型城市的气候基本特征,并探讨了它们的风向特征;结合2016年相应城市空气污染物SO2、NO2、PM10、CO、O3、PM2.5环境监测日报数据,分析了典型城市环境质量特征。结果表明:(1)4个城市年降水少、蒸发量大,日照时数长,浮尘、扬沙频发,属于典型的"沙漠-绿洲"生态脆弱城市。(2)4个城市的空气质量较差,首要污染物是PM10,其次是PM2.5。(3)根据风向资料,绘制4个城市的风向频率玫瑰图和污染系数玫瑰图,综合考虑阿克苏城市环境功能区划分时工业区应选在WSW方向;喀什市工业区应选在NNE方向;阿图什市工业区应选在NNW方向,其次是S方向;和田市工业区可选在NNE方向。(4)南疆四市在城市开发过程中应建设多层次的绿化结构,充分利用地域特点,发展绿色经济,提高城市的生态承载力。4个城市进行工业园区布局时,应从大局出发,做好宏观的科学的统筹规划。     

特大城市“三线冲突”空间格局及影响因素

划定“三线”(生态红线、城市开发边界、基本农田保护红线)是构建城市生产、生态、生活空间格局和实现“多规合一”的关键。但在实际工作中,“三线”由不同部门依据不同准则划定,在空间上往往存在冲突。本文以武汉都市发展区为例,从图斑层面探讨“三线冲突”的类型与表征,并分别采用空间格局分析和相关分析法研究“三线冲突”的空间格局特征和区域条件对其影响。研究结果表明：①武汉都市发展区内“三线冲突”以生态—耕地冲突和生态—城市冲突为主,城市—耕地冲突面积较小;②生态—耕地、生态—城市和城市—耕地冲突热点分别集中于都市发展区边缘、都市发展区内部和城乡过渡带,呈圈层分异的特点;③区域条件的6个指标对3类“三线冲突”子类型冲突强度的影响因素各不相同。研究结论为：一是“三线冲突”强度可以用“三线冲突”强度指数(TLCI)表征;二是空间自相关分析、梯度分析、景观格局分析法可以很好地刻画“三线冲突”空间特征;三是对“三线冲突”的自然—人文驱动机制的研究有待进一步完善和深化。本文有助于从城市空间视角加深对“多规冲突”问题的理解,识别“三线冲突”的自然—人文驱动因子,为实现“多规合一”提供理论支撑。     

Landscape adaptation to climate change: Local networks,social learning and co-creation processes for adaptive planning

The development of legitimate, operative, and feasible landscape adaptation planning for climate change is dependent on the specific characteristics of the landscape and its inhabitants. Spatial patterns, culture, governance systems, socio-economic structures, planning methods, history, and collectively envisioned futures need to be accommodated. The literature suggests that landscape is a complex and dynamic socio-ecological system, the management and adaptation of which requires systemic and integrative approaches to respond to a wide variety of drivers of change, challenges, and interests. Based on activities developed in 15 European pilot landscapes, we identify some of the key factors and conditions affecting the generation of representative local networks for landscape adaptation to climate change. We illustrate how social learning and co-creation processes can be implemented in them and how their co-produced outcomes can help local communities overcome barriers and address critical issues in adaptive planning. Our results provide a framework for the creation of similar networks in other landscapes, exploring at the same time the interactions between the composition of networks, social learning, and the quality of the co-produced outputs as a fundamental step for the development of Landscape Adaptation Plans to Climate Change.     

Seasonal Variation in Air Temperature and Relative Humidity on Building Areas and in Green Spaces in Beijing,China

The cooling and humidifying effects of urban parks are an essential component of city ecosystems in terms of regulating microclimates or mitigating urban heat islands(UHIs).Air temperature and relative humidity are two main factors of thermal environmental comfort and have a critical impact on the urban environmental quality of human settlements.We measured the 2-m height air temperature and relative humidity at the Beijing Olympic Park and a nearby building roof for more than 1 year to elucidate seasonal variations in air temperature and relative humidity,as well as to investigate the outdoor thermal comfort.The results showed that the lawn of the park could,on average,reduce the air temperature by(0.80±0.19)℃,and increase the relative humidity by(5.24±2.91)% relative to the values measured at the building roof during daytime.During the nighttime,the lawn of the park reduced the air temperature by(2.64±0.64)℃ and increased the relative humidity by(10.77±5.20)%.The park was cooler and more humid than surrounding building area,especially in night period(more pronounced cooling with 1.84℃).Additionally,the lawn of the park could improve outdoor thermal comfort through its cooling and humidifying effects.The level of thermal comfort in the park was higher than that around the building roof for a total of 11 days annually in which it was above one or more thermal comfort levels(average reduced human comfort index of 0.92)except during the winter.     

廊坊市规划区土壤环境污染的地球化学评价

系统采集廊坊市规划区耕层和深层土壤,分析2类土壤中的N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Zn、Mn、B、Mo、Co、Hg、As、Pb、Cl、Cd、F、Se、Cr、I共 21种元素含量及耕层土壤pH值.区内主要污染元素为Hg、Pb、Mn、Cd、N.通过其计算的耕层土壤环境质量评价表明:西北部较好,东南部较差,从西务、大官庄、周各庄至彭庄、大枣林一带京山铁路北侧环境质量最差.污染成因与工农业生产、日常生活中的废水、废气、废渣排放密切相关.     

A CA-based land system change model: LANDSCAPE

Cellular automata (CA) models are widely used to simulate land-use changes because of their simplicity, flexibility, intuitiveness and ability to incorporate the spatial and temporal dimensions of processes. A small number of CA-based models have been developed to simulate changes in multiple land uses, most of which use the hierarchical allocation strategy and/or inertia factors to enable these CA models to do so accurately. However, only some of these models allow explicit determination of the allocation sequence for active land uses according to the hierarchical allocation strategy and the objective calculation of inertia factors. In this paper, we proposed a CA-based model, i.e. the LAND System Cellular Automata model for Potential Effects (LANDSCAPE), with a hierarchical allocation strategy and resistances, to simulate changes in multiple land uses. Furthermore, we introduced effective ways to objectively determine the allocation sequence for active land uses and calculate resistances for individual land uses. The results show that the LANDSCAPE model, with a calibrated allocation sequence and resistances, is reliable and accurate for simulating multiple land-use changes.     

Simulating urban land-use changes at a large scale by integrating dynamic land parcel subdivision and vector-based cellular automata

Cellular automata (CA) have been widely used to simulate complex urban development processes. Previous studies indicated that vector-based cellular automata (VCA) could be applied to simulate urban land-use changes at a realistic land parcel level. Because of the complexity of VCA, these studies were conducted at small scales or did not adequately consider the highly fragmented processes of urban development. This study aims to build an effective framework called dynamic land parcel subdivision (DLPS)-VCA to accurately simulate urban land-use change processes at the land parcel level. We introduce this model in urban land-use change simulations to reasonably divide land parcels and introduce a random forest algorithm (RFA) model to explore the transition rules of urban land-use changes. Finally, we simulate the land-use changes in Shenzhen between 2009 and 2014 via the proposed DLPS-VCA model. Compared to the advanced Patch-CA and RFA-VCA models, the DLPS-VCA model achieves the highest simulation accuracy (Figure-of-Merit = 0.232), which is 32.57% and 18.97% higher respectively, and is most similar to the actual land-use scenario (similarity = 94.73%) at the pattern level. These results indicate that the DLPS-VCA model can both accurately split the land during urban land-use changes and significantly simulate urban expansion and urban land-use changes at a fine scale. Furthermore, the land-use change rules that are based on DPLS-VCA mining and the simulation results of several future urban development scenarios can act as guides for future urban planning policy formulation.     

Simultaneously simulate vertical and horizontal expansions of a future urban landscape: a case study in Wuhan,Central China

While there are extensive studies of urban 2D forms, research on the varying geometric features and spatial distribution patterns of urban 3D spaces is comparatively rare. In this paper, we propose a coupled model, known as BPANN-CBRSortCA, which is based on a back propagation artificial neural network (BPANN) and case-based reasoning technology with sort cellular automaton (CBRSortCA) to simulate future urban building heights and their spatial distribution. BPANN–CBRSortCA uses BPANN to predict the vertical extrusion of building heights and uses CBRSortCA to simulate horizontal urban expansion. The BPANN–CBRSortCA model is innovative because of its capabilities to simultaneously project urban growth in the vertical and horizontal dimensions. The proposed model also overcomes the limitations of the traditional cellular automata models that cannot simulate ‘diffused’ urban expansion. This research used Wuhan City as a case study to simulate vertical and horizontal urban expansion from 2015 to 2025. The results showed the following: (1) in the next 10 years, new build-up will mainly appear along the edge of Hongshan and Hanyang Districts or will occupy bare land in the form of ‘filling’ and (2) the tallest buildings will be mainly located to the south of East Lake in Hongshan District and on undeveloped land within the city. These simulation results can provide a reference for future urban planning.