基于Modis地表温度的横断山区气温估算及其时空规律分析

横断山区气象观测站稀少且多分布在河谷之中,气温资料极度匮乏,严重影响山区地理与生态研究。随着遥感技术的发展,热红外遥感数据,结合地面观测数据,可以用来推测山区气温。本文通过对横断山区2001 年-2007 年间64 个气象台站的多年月平均气温数据(Ta) 与Modis地表温度多年月平均值(Ts) 进行了时序分析和回归分析,并取得如下研究结果：(1) Ts 与Ta 具有非常好的线性相关关系,89%的台站的决定系数高于0.5;95%的台站的标准误差都低于3 oC,84.4%的台站标准误差低于2.5 oC;12 个月份的Ts 与Ta 的决定系数R²在0.63~0.90 之间,标准误差在2.22~3.05 oC之间。(2) 研究区内月均气温的变化范围在-2.25~15.64 oC之间;生长季(5-9 月份) 的月均气温变化范围为：10.44~15.64 oC。(3) 等温线的海拔高度自山体外围向内部逐渐升高,与山体效应的增温效应相吻合;0 oC等温线自10 月份从海拔4700±500 m左右逐渐降低,至1月份降至最低点,约在3500±500 m左右,此后,逐渐回升,至次年5 月份再次达到4700±500 m左右,也就是说横断山区5200 m以下的广大山区全年至少有6~12 个月的气温在0 oC以上。研究表明：可以利用Modis月均地表温度结合地面观测台站的数据较精确的估算山区月均气温。     

DISASTER ANALYSIS AND COUNTERMEASURES OF LAND SUBSIDENCE CAUSED BY COAL CUTTING IN CHINA

In recent years, many coal-producing countries have paid great attention to the land subsidence causedby coal cutting. In China, because of the dense population in coalfield areas, the land subsidence hazard is more seri-ous. After a brief analysis on the mechanism of land subsidence, this paper gives a comprehensive and systematical ac-count on all kinds of hazards caused by the land subsidence in China. The study shows that land subsidence has endan-gered land, buildings, traffic and communication lines, dykes and dams. It also causes damage to ecological and socialenvironment. In order to lessen the hazard of land subsidence, preventive measures should be taken to reduce the col-lapse amount, such as extraction with stowing, banded mining system, succession and coordination mining system, orhigh-pressure mudflow between rock strata. Measures of reinforcing or moving certain buildings should also be taken toreduce the destructive degree. In order to harness the subsidence land and bring them under control for fanning, mea-sures should be taken such as filling with spoil or fine breeze, excavating the deeper and covering the shallower land.     

Surficial deposits on salt diapirs (Zagros Mountains and Persian Gulf Platform, Iran): Characterization, evolution, erosion and the influence on landscape morphology

The surfaces of salt diapirs in the Zagros Mountains are mostly covered by surficial deposits, which significantly affect erosion rates, salt karst evolution, land use and the density of the vegetation cover. Eleven salt diapirs were selected for the study of surficial deposits in order to cover variability in the geology, morphology and climate in a majority of the diapirs in the Zagros Mountains and Persian Gulf Platform. The chemical and mineralogical compositions of 80 selected samples were studied mainly by X-ray powder diffraction and X-ray fluorescence. Changes in salinity along selected vertical profiles were studied together with the halite and gypsum distribution. The subaerial residuum formed from minerals and rock detritus released from the dissolved rock salt is by far the most abundant material on the diapirs. Fluvial sediments derived from this type of residuum are the second most common deposits found, while submarine residuum and marine sediments have only local importance. The mineralogical/chemical composition of surficial deposits varies amongst the three end members: evaporite minerals (gypsum/anhydrite and minor halite), carbonates (dolomite and calcite) and silicates-oxides (mainly quartz, phyllosilicates, and hematite). Based on infiltration tests on different types of surficial deposits, most of the rainwater will infiltrate, while overland flow predominates on rock salt exposures. Recharge concentration and thick accumulations of fine sediment support relatively rich vegetation cover in some places and even enable local agricultural activity. The source material, diapir relief, climatic conditions and vegetation cover were found to be the main factors affecting the development and erosion of surficial deposits. A difference was found in residuum type and landscape morphology between the relatively humid NW part of the studied area and the arid Persian Gulf coast: In the NW, the medium and thick residuum seems to be stable under current climatic conditions. Large sinkholes and blind valleys with sinking streams are common. On other diapirs, the original thick residuum is undergoing erosion and the new morphology is currently represented by salt exposures and badland-like landscapes or by fields of small sinkholes developed in the thin residuum. Models for evolution of the subaerial residuum and the diapir landscape/morphology are described in this paper. While the thick residuum with vegetation has very low erosion rates, the salt exposures and thin residuum are eroded rapidly. During wet periods (e.g. early Holocene), the diapirs rose and salt glaciers expanded as the influx of salt mass was much faster compared to erosion. After the onset of an arid climate, c. 6 ka BP, the rising of the some diapir surfaces decreased or even reversed due to acceleration of erosion thanks to vegetation degradation and changes in the residuum type and thickness.     

基于面向对象分类技术的沈阳市土地利用动态变化研究

基于RS和GIS技术,采用面向对象分类技术,根据沈阳市的实际情况,建立土地利用类型解译标志,利用多尺度分割方法进行影像分割,然后利用决策树法和最近邻的分类方法,建立分类规则,提取区域土地利用信息,得到该区域的两期土地利用/土地覆被数据,并对研究区的土地利用动态变化及引起这种变化的驱动力进行分析.研究中所采用的面向对象的分类方法在地表景观信息提取中充分利用了地物的光谱信息、纹理特征等特征,最大程度上克服由于不同地物光谱信息相似、相同地物光谱信息不同而造成的混分现象.     

河流入海物质通量对海、陆环境变化的响应

入海河流物质通量研究是陆—海相互作用和全球海洋通量联合研究计划的重要命题。我国是最早开展物质通量研究的国家之一。自20世纪90年代以来,国家自然科学基金项目和国家重大基础研究计划项目都开展了有关河流和边缘海物质通量的研究,即将开始的全国海岸带环境调查专项也把主要河流物质入海通量及其海洋环境效应研究作为主要内容之一。根据当前国内外河流物质通量研究的最新进展,较系统地阐述了河流入海物质通量的概念和对邻近大陆和海洋环境变化的响应。并在此基础上强调指出,河流入海物质通量是研究陆—海相互作用及其全球变化效应的重要参量。归纳了河流入海物质通量研究中需要解决的关键问题。     

新疆雅满苏铁矿床地空高光谱异常特征及应用

正雅满苏铁矿床位处东天山成矿带,成矿地质条件优越。前人在矿床的成矿规律、地球化学、矿床类型、流体来源等方面,开展了较多科研工作(李厚民等,2014;王兴保,2005)。但在遥感地质方面的研究和应用工作还未开展。铁矿床及外围区域属准平原状丘陵地貌,基岩出露,地表蚀变信息丰富,可获取高质量的地空高光谱遥感数据,有利于发挥高光谱遥感的技术优势。     

基于 ＲS 和 GIS 的土壤侵蚀强度快速分析: 以昌都市扎玉镇为例

以昌都市左贡县扎玉镇为例,选用中巴地球资源二号遥感数据、数字高程模型数据和土地利用类型数据,用遥感软件提取植被指数并进行密度分割,确定植被覆盖度,并对其进行分级; 用地理信息系统软件提取坡度信息,并对坡度进行分级; 在1∶ 5 万比例尺下修正已有的土地利用类型。结果统计扎玉镇 76. 26%的土壤处于轻度及以下侵蚀状态,强烈及以上的土壤侵蚀比例达 5. 48%,土壤侵蚀剧烈的地区主要分布在耕地部分,中度侵蚀的地区主要集中在林草地部分,因此土地利用合理化以及提高植被覆盖率可以有效减小土壤侵蚀强度。     

Field Placement and Evaluation of Stabilized Dredged Material (SDM) from the New York/New Jersey Harbor

Since the 1997 local ban on ocean dumping of dredged sediments, the States of New York and New Jersey have pursued a policy of environmentally sound solutions to the management of dredged material, including beneficial use of stabilized dredged material (SDM) in transportation applications. A pilot study was initiated in 1998 to evaluate the use of SDM in the construction of highway embankments. Utilizing 80,000 cubic yards of dredged material, two embankments were constructed from SDM on a commercial development area adjacent to the Harbor. Geotechnical properties and handling of SDM were evaluated both during and one year post - construction. This article presents the evaluation of the embankments themselves, including constructability and performance. The results demonstrate that SDM satisfies most of the geotechnical criteria for fill construction, except those for durability, requiring proper coverage and protection similar to that provided for fills constructed on cohesive soils. This same characteristic precludes long term stockpiling of SDM prior to final placement, limiting applications to those that have schedules overlapping with dredging projects. Increased costs for the use of SDM can be as high as $8 per cubic yard over traditional fills; however, this cost may be recouped through management fees collected from dredging projects.     

对新疆土地生态环境保护的思考

新疆幅员辽阔,总面积为1.6×106km2,占我国国土总面积的1/6。但新疆远离海洋,气候干燥,沙漠面积7.3×105km2,占全国沙漠总面积的2/3。生态环境脆弱,直接威胁人们的生存环境。本文叙述了新疆土地荒漠化的现状及成因和危害;开荒造田的历程;开荒造田中的经验和教训,指出了新疆土地生态环境保护中存在的主要矛盾和问题,并提出了思考和建议。