激发极化法在吉林安图刘生店钼矿的应用

为了在吉林东部覆盖较厚地区寻找深部隐伏矿体, 在安图刘生店钼矿勘查中利用中间梯度装置激发极化法扫面, 发现了极化率为1.88% ～4.61%、电阻率为300～500Ω ·m的高极化率低阻异常。异常体上对称四极装置激电测深结果表明: 3勘查线极化体顶面埋深20 ～30 m, 底面埋深150～170 m; 11勘查线极化体顶面埋深为25～65 m, 底面埋深> 200 m。经钻探工程验证, 钼矿体的形态、产状、顶、底板的埋深与异常解译成果基本吻合。     

Identifications of products of geographical origin based on geochemical zoning

The protection system of products of geographical origin has become one hot subject with which various countries throughout the world are concerned. Results of element-Pb isotope geochemical mapping indicate that there emerge a number of famous-brand high-quality product groups of geographical origin in China. The environment of production of China’s famous-brand white spirits of geographical origin at the Sichuan-Guizhou border is still a mystery to be solved. China has two main communities of white spirits of geographical origin, i.e., the most famous are Moutai and Wuliangye spirits. By element-Pb isotope geochemical tracing, we can establish the natural background geological, geographical and geochemical scientific data mark ers in close relation with source areas. Research on the product of geographical origin, named Kaempferia galangal L. in the Shuangjiao district, Yangchun, Guangdong Province, showed that the trace elements have an excellent heritance between Kaempferia galangal L. and soil in this area, and the trace elements are highly effective for tracing the origin.     

探空高度与雷达高度的比较研究

利用2009年1月南京探空站L波段高空探测的试验记录,以GPS所测的高度数据作为标准,分别从探空高度和雷达高度作了详细分析.结果表明:探空高度与GPS高度的差值随着探测高度的升高而增大,并且随着高度升高,增大的幅度越快;雷达高度与GPS高度的差值有正有负,随着探测高度的升高,总体上高度差值变大,且差值变化幅度出现较大起伏,其稳定性较差.100 hPa以下,探空高度比雷达高度的可信度大,选取探空高度较好;100hPa以上,雷达高度比探空高度可信度大,选取雷达高度较好.     

国家气象中心T213L31数值预报运行监控方案及预报效果评估

T213L31系统是我国新一代中期数值预报业务系统，该文介绍了该系统的实时业务运行流程，着重阐述了实时运行监控方法的设计和实施。通过对整个运行流程的解析、运行相关信息和异常事件的说明以及功能的介绍，使读者可以对T213L31运行监控和维护方法有一个较完整的认识。文章还对T213L31系统准业务和业务运行期间的预报效果进行了较为全面的检验与评估，结果显示:T213系统较国家气象中心的原数值预报业务系统T106L19的预报效果有了明显改进，可用预报时效延长了约1天。但与世界领先的ECMWF的中期数值预报产品相比还存在一定差距，特别是中期时效的预报差距比较明显，还有待于进一步的改进和提高。     

Effects of Different Initial Fields on GRAPES Numerical Prediction

In this paper,a heavy rainfall process occurring in the Huaihe River Basin during 9-10 July 2005 is studied by the new generation numerical weather prediction model system-GRAPES,from the view of different initial field effects on the prediction of the model.Several numerical experiments are conducted with the initial conditions and lateral boundary fields provided by T213 L31 and NCEP final analyses,respectively. The sensitivity of prediction products generated by GRAPES to different initial conditions,including effects of three-dimensional variational assimilation on the results,is discussed.After analyzing the differences between the two initial fields and the four simulated results,the memonic ability of the model to initial fields and their influences on precipitation forecast are investigated.Analyses show the obvious differences of sub-synoptic scale between T213 and NCEP initial fields,which result in the corresponding different simulation results,and the differences do not disappear with the integration running.It also shows that for the same initial field whether it has data assimilation or not,it only obviously influences the GRAPES model results in the initial 24 h.Then the differences reduce.In addition,both the Iocation and intensity of heavy rain forecasted by GRAPES model Further is very close to the fact,but the forecasting area of strong torrential rain has some differences from the fact.For the same initial field when it has assimilation, the 9-12-,12-24-,and 0-24-h precipitation forecasts of the model are better than those without assimilation. All these suggest that the ability of GRAPES numerical prediction depends on the different initial fields and lateral boundary conditions to some extent,and the differences of initial fields will determine the differences of GRAPES simulated results.     

不同初始场条件对GRAPES模式数值预报的影响

利用中国新一代数值预报模式GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System),分别使用T213 L31及NCEP FNL 6 h间隔的资料作为初始和边界条件,对2005年7月9—10日淮河流域一次致洪暴雨过程进行了个例试验,初步探讨了GRAPES模式的数值预报产品对不同初始场的敏感程度,以及三维变分同化对数值预报结果的可能影响。结果表明,T213和NCEP初始场中存在着差异较大的次天气尺度特征,并由此造成了此后GRAPES模式预报场的差异,且此差异不会随时间消失;同化对GRAPES模式积分结果的影响主要表现在最初的24 h内;模式对此次致洪暴雨过程的暴雨区分布、强度均有一定的模拟能力,但模拟的强暴雨区与实况仍存在着较大差异。由此可知,GRAPES模式的数值预报能力对不同的初始场和侧边界条件存在不同程度的依赖性,初始场的差异决定了模拟结果的差异。     

雷达估测降水集成方法及其效果比较

本文利用主特征提取法、统计权重法、综合概率法等方法，对Z-R关系法、平均校准法、最优插值法、卡尔曼滤波和最优插值联合校准法、卡尔曼滤波校准法降水定量估测模式输出结果进行集成分析。初步结果表明：统计权重法的集成结果与实况地面雨量计测得雨强值吻合较好．可以在估测区域降水量集成分析中进行业务试用。     

L波段与701 400M探空系统观测资料比较评估

利用四川达州站在701-400M探空系统向L波段雷达GTS1-2型电子探空仪系统转变时的对比观测资料进行了评估分析。结果表明:温度平均差值为-0.28℃,200hPa以下平均差值为-0.05℃,200hPa以上平均差值为-0.52℃,换型带来的温度变化还是明显的;直接差异的80.1%在-1.0~1.0℃间。位势高度平均差值为-7.63gpm,100hPa以下高度平均偏低-1.13gpm,100hPa以上高度平均偏低-19.57gpm,换型带来的位势高度变化还是明显的;直接差异的89.0%在-50~10gpm间。湿度平均差值为-2%,直接差异的87.2%在-20%~10%间。风向平均差值为1.0°,直接差异的80.1%在-10°~10°间。风速平均差值为0.3m/s,直接差异的95.0%在-5~5m/s间。就平均差值来看,温度、位势高度、湿度是L波段系统所测值低于701-400 M系统所测值,而风向、风速则反之。换型造成各要素差异的峰值还是较大。由于两套系统所使用的设备、探空仪的制造、测量精度、施放、接收等方面的不同,都会引起测量值出现差异,但对各要素的影响确有所不同。     

L群普通球粒陨石母体的撞击历史

撞击作用发生在太阳系形成和演化的所有阶段,是最基本的地质过程之一。陨石可以从微观尺度记录下这些重要的过程。在所有陨石族群中,L群普通球粒陨石保留了最完备的冲击变质记录,对撞击发生的时间、冲击过程中的物理条件提供了重要制约。矿物学证据表明,在太阳系形成100 Ma内,L群陨石母体可能发生一次撞击裂解事件,并在随后重组。4.48 Ga左右,原始小行星带经历大范围的撞击作用,这一事件也记录于L群普通球粒陨石中,可能是由月球大撞击事件溅射的大量碎屑进入到原始主小行星带引起。约800 Ma,包括L群陨石母体在内的内太阳系部分天体经历了同时期撞击事件,可能由这一时期裂解的大质量小行星产生的溅射物引发。L群陨石母体在～465 Ma发生撞击裂解,这一事件在L群陨石中保留了丰富的矿物学、年代学记录,并在地球全球奥陶纪地层发现相关信息。综合与该事件相关的所有L群陨石冲击变质特征,本文认为该裂解事件是由一颗大直径(18～22 km)石陨石质小行星,以较低速率(5～6 km/s)撞击导致。同位素年代学数据表明,L群普通球粒陨石母体很可能未受到晚期大撞击事件的影响,这难以用L群陨石母体过小予以解释。可能的原因有...     

Artificial intelligence for identifying hydrologically homogeneous regions: A state‐of‐the‐art regional flood frequency analysis

Due to the severity related to extreme flood events, recent efforts have focused on the development of reliable methods for design flood estimation. Historical streamflow series correspond to the most reliable information source for such estimation; however, they have temporal and spatial limitations that may be minimized by means of regional flood frequency analysis (RFFA). Several studies have emphasized that the identification of hydrologically homogeneous regions is the most important and challenging step in an RFFA. This study aims to identify state‐of‐the‐art clustering techniques (e.g., K ‐means, partition around medoids, fuzzy C‐means, K ‐harmonic means, and genetic K ‐means) with potential to form hydrologically homogeneous regions for flood regionalization in Southern Brazil. The applicability of some probability density function, such as generalized extreme value, generalized logistic, generalized normal, and Pearson type 3, was evaluated based on the regions formed. Among all the 15 possible combinations of the aforementioned clustering techniques and the Euclidian, Mahalanobis, and Manhattan distance measures, the five best were selected. Several watersheds' physiographic and climatological attributes were chosen to derive multiple regression equations for all the combinations. The accuracy of the equations was quantified with respect to adjusted coefficient of determination, root mean square error, and Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient, whereas, a cross‐validation procedure was applied to check their reliability. It was concluded that reliable results were obtained when using robust clustering techniques based on fuzzy logic (e.g., K ‐harmonic means), which have not been commonly used in RFFA. Furthermore, the probability density functions were capable of representing the regional annual maximum streamflows. Drainage area, main river length, and mean altitude of the watershed were the most recurrent attributes for modelling of mean annual maximum streamflow. Finally, an integration of all the five best combinations stands out as a robust, reliable, and simple tool for estimation of design floods.