An interpretation of the Nusselt-Rayleigh number relationship for convection in a spherical shell

Recent studies on the relationship between the Nusselt ( Nu ) and Rayleigh ( Ra ) numbers for base-heated convection in a spherical shell with a constant viscosity show that the power-law index is around 1/4, which is different from the value of 1/3 predicted by a simple boundary layer theory. We show that such a difference may be caused by the flow pattern due to the geometry. The flow pattern of the convection in a spherical shell at relatively low Ra , at least, less than 10⁶, is characterized by narrow upwelling and broad downwelling, which is similar to the opposite flow pattern of internally heated convection. Convection in the internally heated case predicts the power-law index of 1/4. We demonstrate this relationship based on the concept of 'local' Rayleigh ( Ra1 ) and Nusselt ( Nu1 ) numbers     

The Effects of Industrial Pollution on the Development and Succession of Marine Fouling Communities I. Analysis of Species Richness and Frequency Data

Abstract. The effects of industrial pollution were determined by comparing the pattern of development of marine fouling communities situated along a pollution gradient within Port Kembla Harbour (Australia) with those from nearby Wollongong Harbour, a relatively unpolluted area. Fifty-three fouling species were found in the communities from Wollongong Harbour compared to only 40 in those from Port Kembla Harbour. Twenty-eight species (including many bryozoans) occurred only in the former, while 15 species occurred solely in the latter. Ten of the 25 species common to both areas were more numerous in Port Kembla Harbour, probably because of the greater availability of free substratum and food in this area. The species richness of fouling communities in Port Kembla Harbour was found to decrease as pollutant concentrations increased. In both study areas, communities established in summer showed significantly higher species richness than those whose development was initiated in winter. This difference was less pronounced in Port Kembla Harbour and was attributed to the effects of pollution on larval settlement. Although species richness increased at all sites through time, Wollongong Harbour communities contained a greater number of species at the end of the experiment than communities from Port Kembla Harbour. Despite this, fewer species were found in the very early developmental stages of the communities from Wollongong Harbour. This result highlights the inherent problems associated with using species richness or diversity measures as a means of determining marine environmental quality.     

多源遥感影像融合及其关键技术探讨

简述了多源遥感影像融合过程、三种融合层次及其优缺点；具体描述了常用的八种融合方法；根据近来多源遥感影像融合研究状况，提出了融合中需进一步研究的关键技术。     

山西沁水盆地中-南部煤储层渗透率物理模拟与数值模拟

通过对山西沁水盆地中南部上主煤层宏观裂隙观测,力学参数测量和应力渗透率实验,分别建立了裂隙面密度、裂隙产状、裂隙宽度与煤储层渗透率之间的预测数学模型;利用FLAC—3D软件,模拟了该区上主煤层内现代地应力状态,结合煤层气试井渗透率资料,构建了应力与渗透率之间关系预测的数学模型,并对该区上主煤层渗透率进行了全面预测。通过吸附膨胀实验,揭示了各煤类煤基质的收缩特征,构建了有效应力、煤基质收缩与渗透率之间的耦合数学模型,并对煤层气开发过程中渗透率动态变化进行了数值模拟。     

克拉玛依城市供水与气象条件的相关分析

根据克拉玛依近10年的供水逐日资料，分析了城市供水的季节分布特征以及与气象条件的相关关系，并建立了日供水量的简易预测方程。     

焉耆盆地一次暴雪天气的分析

2000年2月21-22日焉耆盆地出现了大到暴雪过程，本文重要分析了此次天气过程的地面冷锋、水汽条件、稳定度和地面要素变化等，得到了一些大雪天气成因的结论。     

江苏省1：5万基础地理信息更新集成技术特点探析

以江苏省为例，详细讨论了1：5万基础地理信息更新与集成的目的及技术特点，在数据获取过程中主要误差来源及控制方法，并且对采用的数据获取与集成方法行性与存在的缺陷进行了讨论。     

FLOOD AND FLOOD CONTROL OF THE YELLOW RIVER

1 INTRODUCTION Flood of the Yellow River occurred frequently in history. The natures of large impact and heavy losses have made the flood of the Yellow River being in the front rank among major rivers in China. Statistics shows that during the period 602 AC to 1938 BC, embankment of the Lower Yellow River had been breached 1590 times and the channel had changed its course for 26 times among which 6 times were major ones. Thus, flood of the Yellow River has endangered economic cons…     

近64a阿勒泰市春季不同等级寒潮过程气候特征

本文整理出阿勒泰市64年各级别强度寒潮过程数据库，分析阿勒泰市近64a来各级别寒潮过程的频数以及强度相关6个指标的气候特征，结果表明：（1）1954～2017年春季阿勒泰市共发生一般寒潮过程109.5次，强寒潮过程75.5次，特强寒潮过程37.5次；平均每年春季分别发生1.7次、1.2次和0.6次；3种级别寒潮过程发生频次占寒潮过程发生总频次的48.2%、33.3%和16.5%，阿勒泰市春季主要以一般寒潮和强寒潮为主。（2）春季一般寒潮、强寒潮和特强寒潮过程频数年际变化均在递减，且不显著，其中4月一般寒潮和特强寒潮过程递增，特强寒潮过程频数递增明显；一般寒潮过程频数的年代际变化在1950年代最多，强寒潮过程1970年代最多，特强寒潮过程1960年代和2000-2009年代最多。（3）一般、强和特强寒潮过程持续时间分别在1～7d、1～6d和1～5d，均以持续1～3d为主，分别占各自寒潮过程总次数的94.5%、90.8%和90.0%，其中又都以持续2d最多。（4）一般寒潮、强寒潮和特强寒潮过程降温幅度平均值分别为-10.8℃、-13.0℃和-17.3℃，一般寒潮和强寒潮降温幅度均在5月最强，特强寒潮降温幅度在3月最强。（5）一般寒潮、强寒潮和特强寒潮降温过程最低气温平均值分别为-7.8℃、-12.8℃和-20.3℃，随时间的推移呈明显的抬升趋势。（6）1954～2017年阿勒泰市春季一般寒潮、强寒潮和特强寒潮中降温过程最低气温距平平均值分别为-5.7℃、-7.9℃和-10.5℃；三种级别寒潮过程最低气温距平为负值占该级别寒潮过程频数的比例分别为80.0%、97.4%和97.5%。