沿天山高速公路冰雪灾害分析及其对交通安全的影响

本文利用2002年12月-2006年12月沿天山高速公路因恶劣天气导致交通管制统计记录,结合相应时间段高速公路沿线气象资料,对比分析了高速公路冰雪灾害对交通安全的影响,结果表明：高速公路冰雪灾害的危害程度依次是道路结冰、风吹雪、强降雪,路面结冰主要影响路段在吐乌大高速公路、乌奎高速公路和乌鲁木齐机场高速公路,风吹雪集中出现在达坂城到乌鲁木齐一线,除了吐乌大高速达坂城到吐鲁番段没有因强降雪影响交通的记录外,沿天山其它各段均有发生;归纳了高速公路冰雪灾害气象要素预报指标,建立了预报模型,制定出了冰雪灾害的气象指数等级、安全行车预防措施,为交通运输气象服务提供具体可操作的预报产品。     

Transaction costs analysis of low-carbon technologies

Transaction costs (TCs) must be taken into account when assessing the performance of policy instruments that create markets for the diffusion and commercialization of low-carbon technologies (LCTs). However, there are no comprehensive studies on the development and application of transaction cost analysis to LCTs. In this meta-analysis, a wide-ranging evaluation of TCs associated with energy efficiency, renewable energy, and carbon market technologies is provided. There is a plethora of different definitions of, and measurement techniques to estimate, TCs. There is wide variation in the quantitative estimates, which can be attributed to factors such as the definition used, data collection, quantification methods, the type and size of technologies, the regulatory frameworks, the complexity of transactions, and the maturity of policy instruments. It is concluded that TCs are highly specific to both LCTs and policy instruments and that a common methodological approach is needed to avoid misleading policy analysis of the extant and future assessments.

Policy relevance

Transaction costs (TCs) accrued by, for instance, the search for information, due diligence, monitoring and verification (M&V) activities, must be considered in the design, implementation, and assessment of policy instruments. Such costs can have a negative effect on the performance of policy instruments aimed at the diffusion and commercialization of low-carbon technologies. It is shown here that TC analysis is mostly technology and policy context-specific and hence that it is not advisable to make generalizations about sources and estimates. The nature and scale of TCs are likely to differ due to a variety of endogenous determinants (e.g. size and performance of technologies), exogenous drivers (e.g. regulatory policy frameworks), and methodological aspects (e.g. quantification techniques). Several measures and strategies have the potential to reduce TCs, including standardized full cost accounting systems, an ex ante M&V approach, project bundling, and streamlining of procedures.     

基于机载Ka波段云雷达和粒子测量系统同步观测的积层混合云对流泡特征

利用机载Ka波段云雷达（Airborne Ka-Band Precipitation Cloud Radar, KPR）和粒子测量系统（Droplet Measurement Technologies, DMT）,分析了2018年4月22日黄淮气旋背景系统下积层混合云中对流泡的动力和微物理特征。首先,对Ka波段云雷达观测的山东地区春季36个对流泡样本按照回波强度、水平尺度、回波顶高三个参量进行统计,结果表明平均回波强度为20～30 dBZ的对流泡占69%。对流泡水平尺度为15～30 km,占61%。对流泡最大回波顶高集中在6～8 km,比周边层云高2～4 km。之后,对4月22日积层混合云中的对流泡个例微物理参数进行统计,结果表明对流泡内部以上升气流为主,最大上升气流速度达到1.35 m s?1,平均上升气流速度为0.22 m s?1;对流泡内过冷水含量比较高,最大含水量为0.34 g m?3,平均含水量为0.15 g m?3。对流泡内冰晶数浓度是泡外的5.5倍,平均直径是泡外的1.7倍。结合云粒子图像探头,发现对流泡前沿和尾部冰粒子以柱状和辐枝状为主,而对流泡核心区域冰粒子以聚合体形式存在。冰粒子通过凇附过程和碰并过程增长,过冷水含量不足时冰粒子的凇附增长形成柱状粒子,含量充足时可迅速凇附成霰粒子。对流泡内降水形成的微物理机制不完全相同,主要依赖过冷水含量。当云中有充足的过冷水分布时,高层冰晶通过凇附增长形成霰粒子,通过融化层后形成降水;当云中缺少过冷水时,降水的形成主要通过水汽凝华过程形成冰雪晶,然后雪晶通过聚合过程实现增长。     

海南博鳌玉带沙海滩冲淤演变及脆弱性分析

玉带沙是海南岛东部博鳌万泉河口的一条细长沙嘴,也是我国重要旅游海滩之一。为了揭示近期玉带沙的冲淤演变趋势,选择了1988年以来4个年份的RS图像,利用现场GPS监测的海滩地形推算出校正后的低潮位水边线,并使用GIS软件计算各年份低潮线以上的玉带沙面积。结果表明：1988～2005年玉带沙呈显著蚀退趋势,平均蚀退70m（4.1m/a）,面积减少35%。分析认为：玉带沙蚀退主要原因是海平面上升和万泉河入海泥沙的减少。在气候变化与人类活动的双重作用下,玉带沙呈现高度脆弱性,值得关注。     

Affecting Geospatial Technologies: Toward a Feminist Politics of Emotion*

Building on earlier contributions to feminist understanding of geospatial technologies (GT), I seek to further develop feminist perspectives on GT along new directions. I argue that an attention to the importance of affect (feelings and emotions) and the performative nature of GT practices offers a distinctive critical edge to feminist work on GT. I emphasize the need for GT practitioners to contest the dominant meanings and uses of GT, and to participate in struggles against the oppressive or violent effects of these technologies. I argue that only when emotions, feelings, values, and ethics become an integral part of our geospatial practices can we hope that the use of GT will lead to a less violent and more just world.     

The Aegean region: deep structures and seismological properties

3-D P -wave velocity anomaly patterns, the geometry of the Hellenic Wadati-Benioff zone and of the seismically active fracture zones in the overlying continental wedge, and the depth distribution of seismogenic properties (seismic activity, energy and b value) for the Aegean region are examined in this study. The western and eastern parts of the area studied differ significantly in terms of the depth distribution of the considered seismological parameters and the velocity structures. The results indicate different physical conditions in the western and eastern parts of the region in question. Data for the surface heat flow and the evolution of the volcanism in the Aegean region since the early Eocene are employed to interpret the results of the present study. Possible geodynamic processes at the plate boundaries between Africa and Eurasia are discussed.     

浅谈3S技术在矿业权实地核查中的应用

矿业权实地核查工作是国家在全国范围内开展的矿产资源大调查工作的一个重要组成部分,测量工作又是矿业权实地核查工作的基础和核心,而3S技术的迅速发展为核查工作提供了强大的技术支持。文章结合矿业权实地核查工作流程,探究3S技术在控制测量、地形测量、坐标转换、矿山确界、数据库建设等环节中的应用,据此提出了3S技术在实地核查后续...     

地理空间信息分发技术研究进展

对地理空间信息分发技术做了一个综合性论述,由时代背景引入,首先阐述了地理信息分发的基本思想以及数据分发的概况,然后介绍了具有代表性的地理信息分发理论与技术,最后对实现地理信息分发的关键技术进行了梳理与展望。