Measurements of rain splash on bench terraces in a humid tropical steepland environment

Soil loss continues to threaten Java's predominantly bench‐terraced volcanic uplands. Sediment transport processes on back‐sloping terraces with well‐aggregated clay‐rich oxisols in West Java were studied using two different techniques. Splash on bare, cropped, or mulched sub‐horizontal (2–3°) terrace beds was studied using splash cups of different sizes, whereas transport of sediment on the predominantly bare and steep (30–40/deg ) terrace risers was measured using a novel device combining a Gerlach‐type trough with a splash box to enable the separate measurement of transport by wash and splash processes. Measurements were made during two consecutive rainy seasons. The results were interpreted using a recently developed splash distribution theory and related to effective rainfall erosive energy. Splash transportability (i.e. transport per unit contour length and unit erosive energy) on the terrace risers was more than an order of magnitude greater than on bare terrace beds (0·39–0·57 versus 0·013–0·016 g m J^?1). This was caused primarily by a greater average splash distance on the short, steep risers (>11 cm versus c. 1 cm on the beds). Splashed amounts were reduced by the gradual formation of a protective ‘pavement’ of coarser aggregates, in particular on the terrace beds. Soil aggregate size exhibited an inverse relationship with detachability (i.e. detachment per unit area and unit erosive energy) and average splash length, and therefore also with transportability, as did the degree of canopy and mulch cover. On the terrace risers, splash‐creep and gravitational processes transported an additional 6–50% of measured rain splash, whereas transport by wash played a marginal role. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于Java和VRML结合的网上房地产信息查询系统的设计与实现

提出了一种基于WebGIS理论和虚拟现实技术相结合，将二维矢量电子地图与三维虚拟场景相结合，利用GIS空间分析功能实现更优化的查询手段，探索将GIS，VR和Internet技术集成用于解决现实问题的新思路，并设计了一个原型系统来验证其可行性。     

虚拟香港中文大学校园的设计与初步试验

采用客户机／服务器结构，应用Java和VRML97开发工具，基于HTTP协议，设计并开发了基于因特网的虚拟校园环境，并以香港中文大学的崇基学院校园为例，建立了系统原型。在中文大学的虚拟校园环境中，用户可进行3维空间漫游探索、点坐标量测和地物属性的查询、地物的增加或删除等操作，并可基于3维化身和文本对话实现在网络的共享虚拟空间中与其他在线用户的交流和互动。     

基于MapXtreme的靶场网络地理信息系统开发

分析了基于MapXtreme开发WebGIS应用的优势和对靶场网络地理信息系统的迫切需求。根据靶场WebGIS的运行环境和特点,确定了富客户端的开发模式。讲解了富客户端方案的体系结构与通信机制,然后设计了靶场WebGIS的体系结构与功能,并以地图显示功能为例讲解了靶场WebGIS的实现方法。最后对系统作了分析和评价。     

全球三大洋底高原重力异常与地壳厚度特征及对比研究*

翁通爪哇高原、凯尔盖朗高原与沙茨基海隆是全球三大洋底高原, 是大量岩浆喷发到地表的结果, 火山面积分别达1.90×10⁶、1.25×10⁶、0.53×10⁶km²。本文详细分析了该三大洋底高原的地形、剩余地幔布格重力异常(residual mantle Bouguer anomaly, RMBA)与重力反演的相对地壳厚度, 并结合地质与地球化学特征约束进行对比研究。结果显示, 翁通爪哇高原、凯尔盖朗高原与沙茨基海隆分别高出周围海底约4.3、5、4km, 相应的地幔布格重力异常最大变化值分别为250、330、200mGal, 以及相应的相对地壳厚度变化分别为11、13、9km, 表明形成三大洋底高原的岩浆量远远大于正常洋中脊的岩浆量。此外, 三大洋底高原皆形成于洋中脊附近。Nd、Pb、Hf同位素比值分析表明, 翁通爪哇高原的玄武岩组分为洋岛玄武岩; 凯尔盖朗高原大部分类似于洋岛玄武岩, 并含有洋中脊玄武岩组分; 沙茨基海隆的玄武岩组分主要为东太平洋海隆正常洋中脊玄武岩, 却又存在少量位于全球洋岛玄武岩范围内。这些特征揭示了三大洋底高原可能形成于“地幔柱-洋中脊相互作用”。对此本文提出了两种模式: 一为洋中脊被地幔柱拖拽至其上方; 二为洋中脊之下的软流圈受到地幔柱影响, 从而产生超常熔融与超厚地壳。     

The LUSI mud volcano triggering controversy: Was it caused by drilling?

Following the Yogyakarta earthquake on May 27th, 2006, the subsequent eruption of a mud volcano has been closely observed and analyzed by the geological community. The mud volcano, known as LUSI, began erupting near the Banjarpanji-1 exploration well in Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia. LUSI offers a unique opportunity to study the genesis and development of a mud volcano.     

Strike-slip faulting as a trigger mechanism for overpressure release through piercement structures. Implications for the Lusi mud volcano,Indonesia

Piercement structures such as hydrothermal vent complexes, pockmarks, and mud volcanoes, are found in various geological settings but are often associated with faults or other fluid-focussing features. This article aims to investigate and understand the mechanisms responsible for the formation of piercement structures in sedimentary basins and the role of strike-slip faulting as a triggering mechanism for fluidization. For this purpose four different approaches were combined: fieldwork, analogue experiments, and mathematical modeling for brittle and ductile rheologies. The results of this study may be applied to several geological settings, including the newly formed Lusi mud volcano in Indonesia (Mazzini et al., 2007).     

Subsidence associated with the LUSI mud eruption,East Java,investigated by SAR interferometry

A mud volcano LUSI initiated its eruption on 29 May 2006, adjacent to a hydrocarbon exploration well in East Java. Ground subsidence in the vicinity of the LUSI eruptive vent was well recorded by a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) PALSAR onboard the Japanese ALOS satellite. We apply an Interferometric SAR (InSAR) technique on ten PALSAR data scenes, acquired between 19 May 2006 and 21 May 2007, in order to obtain continuous maps of ground displacements around LUSI. Although the displacements in the area closest to the eruptive vent (spatial extension of about 1.5 km) are not detectable because of the erupted mud, all the processed interferograms indicate subsidence in an ellipsoidal area of approximately 4 km (north–south) × 3 km (east–west), centered at the main eruptive vent. In particular, interferograms spanning the first four months until 4 Oct. 2006 and the subsequent 46 days between 4 Oct. 2006 and 19 Nov. 2006 show at least about 70 cm and 80 cm of displacements away from the satellite, respectively. Possible causes of the subsidence, i.e., 1) loading effect of the erupted mud, 2) creation of a cylindrical mud conduit, and 3) pressure decrease and depletion of materials at depth, are investigated. The effects of the first two causes are found to be insufficient to explain the total amount of subsidence observed in the first six months. The third possibility is quantitatively examined using a boundary element approach by modeling the source of deformation as a deflating oblate spheroid. The spheroid is estimated to lie at depths of a few hundred to a thousand meters. The estimated depths are significantly shallower than determined from analyses of erupted mud samples; the difference is explained by presence of significant amount of inelastic deformation including compaction and downward transfer of material.     

基于DEM栅格数据结构的三维空间点交互选取方法

在OpenGL、Java3D等传统的三维建模语言中有多种三维坐标提取的算法,但应用到三维地形时这些算法的速度太慢,不能满足人机交互的需求。本文研究了点取射线与DEM模型的空间特性,提出并实现了一种基于Java3D的规则网格DEM鼠标提取坐标算法,该算法在利用了规则网格DEM模型特征的基础上,利用点取射线与DEM网格在水平面投影上的相交性进行点取网格搜索,实现了三维坐标的点取。通过实验表明,该算法与三维场景中通常所用的空间点取算法相比,在不降低点取精度的基础上对点取速度有了明显的改进,从而满足了在DEM场景中进行三维交互的需要。