Numerical evaluation of multicomponent cation exchange reactive transport in physically and geochemically heterogeneous porous media

Experimental evidence and stochastic studies strongly show that the transport of reactive solutes in porous media is significantly influenced by heterogeneities in hydraulic conductivity, porosity, and sorption parameters. In this paper, we present Monte Carlo numerical simulations of multicomponent reactive transport involving competitive cation exchange reactions in a two-dimensional vertical physically and geochemically heterogeneous medium. Log hydraulic conductivity, log K, and log cation exchange capacity (log CEC) are assumed to be random Gaussian functions with spherical semivariograms. Random realizations of log K and log CEC are used as input data for the numerical simulation of multicomponent reactive transport with CORE^2D, a general purpose reactive transport code. Longitudinal features of the fronts of reactive and conservative species are computed from the temporal and spatial moments of depth-averaged concentrations. Monte Carlo simulations show that: (1) the displacement of reactive fronts increases with increasing variance of log K, while it decreases with the variance of log CEC; (2) second-order spatial moments increase with increasing variances of log K and log CEC; (3) uncertainties in the mean arrival time are largest (smallest) for negatively (positively) correlated log K and Log CEC; (4) cations undergoing competitive cation exchange exhibit different apparent velocities and retardation factors due to both physical and geochemical heterogeneities; and (5) the correlation between log K and log CEC affects significantly apparent cation retardation factors in heterogeneous aquifers.     

基于谱矩的地学特征因子提取方法及其应用

地学特征因子的提取是定量化数学地质分析的重要基础,可以为地貌类型识别提供有效的客观依据。基于谱矩分析,本文提出了一种描述表面数据粗糙程度的特征因子,并且分析了新特征因子的特点和其应用可能性。该方法以随机过程理论为基础,通过计算表面各阶谱矩以及相应的统计不变量来描述三维表面形貌的特征。以中国卫星重力测量数据和DEM数据为例,试验该方法运用于地貌类型识别的效果。理论模型数据与实际数据结果均表明,基于谱矩的新的地学特征因子不仅可以有效地反映数据起伏与变异特征,而且提取出的特征可以为地貌及重力构造单元划分提供客观依据。     

On the velocity covariance for steady flows in heterogeneous porous formations and its application to contaminants transport

We consider groundwater steady flow in a heterogeneous porous formation of random and stationary log-conductivity Y = ln K, characterized by the mean 〈Y〉, and the two point correlation function C _Y which in turn has finite, and different horizontal and vertical integral scales I and I _v , respectively. The fluid velocity V, driven by a given head drop applied at the boundary, has constant mean value U ≡ (U, 0, 0). Approximate explicit analytical expressions for transverse velocity covariances are derived. The adopted methodology follows the approach developed by Dagan and Cvetkovic (Spatial moments of kinetically sorbing plume in a heterogeneous aquifers, Water Resour. Res. 29 (1993) 4053) to obtain a similar result for the longitudinal velocity covariance. Indeed, the approximate covariances of transverse velocities are determined by requiring that they have the exact first order variances as well as zero integral scale (G. Dagan, Flow and Transport in Porous Formations (Springer, 1989)) , and provide the exact asymptotic limits of the displacement covariance of the fluid particles obtained by Russo (On the velocity covariance and transport modeling in heterogeneous anisotropic porous formations 1. Saturated flow, Water Resour. Res., 31 (1995) 129). Comparisons with numerical results show that the proposed expressions compare quite well in the early time regime, and for Ut/I >100. Since most of the applications, like assessing the effective mobility of contaminants or quantifying the potential hazards of nuclear repositories, require predictions over higher times the proposed approximate expressions provide acceptable results. The main advantage related to such expressions is that they allow obtaining closed analytical forms of spatial moments pertaining to kinetically sorbing contaminant plumes avoiding the very heavy computational effort which is generally demanded. For illustration purposes, we consider the movement of one contaminant species, and show how our approximate spatial moments compare with the numerical simulations.     

电磁波法探测地下异常体的数值模型和实验模型

本文研究均匀有耗媒质全空间及半空间中三维异常体散射的数值模型和实验模型。用矩量法解体积分方程,导出自小块积分的简单准确的计算公式,说明非自小块积分以及索末菲积分的简化计算方法。给出两个利用金属镜象板的水池测试装置,说明与测试方法有关的若干主要问题。计算结果与测量结果基本吻合。     

Geophysical model of the dynamical flattening of the Earth in agreement with the precession constant

The dynamical flattening of the Earth, as observed by geodetic techniques, is different by about 1 per cent from the value associated with the PREM density profile with hydrostatic equilibrium. In this paper, we compute a new dynamical flattening H induced by PREM mean density with hydrostatic equilibrium, to which we add lateral heterogeneities associated with (1) seismic velocity variations observed by tomography and (2) internal boundary topographies. First, we compute mantle circulation associated with the density anomalies derived from a tomography model. The flow-induced boundary deformations are then converted into additional mass anomalies which are added to the tomography model for computing the associated perturbation to the Earth's inertia tensor. Finally, we show that it is possible to obtain a dynamical flattening from the total inertia tensor (i.e. the sum of the PREM inertia tensor and of the perturbation) in agreement with that observed.     

加入不变矩的高分辨率遥感图像分类

不变矩是表达图像几何形状信息的参数,具有几何变换的稳定性,在图像识别领域已经得到广泛应用。本文将3种常用的不变矩,即胡氏矩、Zern ike矩和小波矩,运用到高分辨率遥感图像分类中,并与只利用光谱信息的图像分类结果进行对比。结果表明,在高分辨率图像分类中加入不变矩图像可以显著提高分类精度,尤其是对那些具有相似光谱特征但同时具有不同形状和结构特征的地物分类更加有效。     

Earth＇s Temporal Principal Moments of Inertia and Variable Rotation

Based on the gravity field models EGM96 and EIGEN-GL04C, the Earth＇s time-dependent principal moments of inertia A, B, C are obtained, and the variable rotation of the Earth is determined. Numerical results show that A, B, and C have increasing tendencies; the tilt of the rotation axis increases 2.1×10^ 8 mas/yr; the third component of the rotational angular velocity, ω3 , has a decrease of 1.0×10^ 22 rad/s^2, which is around 23% of the present observed value. Studies show in detail that both 0 and ω3 experience complex fluctuations at various time scales due to the variations of A, B and C.     

重叠矩形图像表示及其上的精确Legendre矩计算(英文)

Linear quadtree is a popular image representation method due to its convenient imaging procedure. However, the excessive emphasis on the symmetry of segmentation, i.e. dividing repeatedly a square into four equal sub-squares, makes linear quadtree not an optimal representation. In this paper, a no-loss image representation, referred to as Overlapped Rectangle Image Representation （ORIR）, is presented to support fast image operations such as Legendre moments computation. The ORIR doesn＇t importune the symmetry of segmentation, and it is capable of representing, by using an identical rectangle, the information of the pixels which are not even adjacent to each other in the sense of 4-neighbor and 8-neighbor. Hence, compared with the linear quadtree, the ORIR significantly reduces the number of rectangles required to represent an image. Based on the ORIR, an algorithm for exact Legendre moments computation is presented. The theoretical analysis and the experimental results show that the ORIR-based algorithm for exact Legendre moments computation is faster than the conventional exact algorithms.     

基于不变矩和Hilbert码的矢量居民地零水印算法

提出了一种针对矢量居民地数据的零水印算法。为增强零水印的抗裁剪能力,算法利用Hilbert排列码对数据分块以便构造多个零水印。每块零水印的构造方法为:首先,利用Arnold技术置乱原始水印图像;然后,计算居民地图形的矢量不变矩集并将其映射成一个二值矩阵;最后,将置乱后的水印图像与不变矩集所映射的二值矩阵进行异或运算,完成零水印构造。实验结果表明,该算法能够抵抗常见的平移、缩放、旋转等几何攻击,对裁剪攻击也具有较好的鲁棒性。     

海浪资料的平滑和海浪谱谱矩估计

基于海浪谱估计理论，按谱估计方法导出了离散波面记录平滑处理后的谱形式，并计算了由各阶谱矩表示的谱宽度。指出平滑后的离散波面记录产生了新的随机过程，它们和原离散波面记录的内部结构和外部特征是完全不同的。但高阶矩表示的无因次谱宽度，即ε5=√1-m5^2/m4m6,ε7=√1-m7^2/m6m8几乎不受平滑（N=2，N=3）的影响，和原始谱的对应值相吻合。通过离散波面记录求导处理得波面速度谱，与理论转换得速度谱结果几乎完全一致。