The 1024 channel digital correlator receiver of the Gauribidanur radioheliograph

A low frequency (40–150 MHz) radioheliograph for observations of the solar corona is in operation for the last few years at the Gauribidanur radio observatory, about 100 km north of Bangalore. The array has 32 antenna groups and a 1-bit digital correlator system consisting of 1024 channels is used as the back-end receiver. This paper describes the latter and results of the associated system tests.     

Ground-based SAR interferometry for monitoring mass movements

An innovative technique for the remote assessment of ground displacements, based on radar interferometry and implemented using ground-based instrumentation (GB-InSAR), has been tested in recent years on a number of selected case sites. The system, known as LISA, developed by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, is a ground-based radar interferometer specifically designed for field use. It is composed of two radar antennas mounted on a linear rail which horizontally slides to form a synthetic aperture. Coherent SAR processing converts the raw data into an image containing, for each pixel, information on the wave phase, which depends on the target-sensor distance. Consecutive couples of SAR images can be cross-correlated to form interferograms representing phase variations which can be directly related to ground displacement along the sight-line of the radar system, since they are acquired from exactly the same position. Several applications of the system have been conducted on a number of mass movements located in Italy, in order to validate the technique for the monitoring of landslides. GB-InSAR has proved its potential for the measurement of the superficial ground displacements of different landslide types, in terms of failure mechanism, materials involved, kinematics, water content and deformation rates. In particular conditions, such as fast-moving phenomena and inaccessible areas, the technique can be employed directly as a monitoring tool, providing multi-temporal displacement maps of the observed area. Additionally, some applications of the GB-InSAR have provided a fundamental support to decision makers during landslide emergencies, allowing the civil protection authorities to assess the risk and to manage an effective emergency response.     

A VLBI Delay Model for Radio Sources at a Finite Distance

A relativistic delay model for Earth-based very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observation of sources at finite distances is derived. The model directly provides the VLBI delay in the scale of terrestrial time. The effect of the curved wave front is represented by using a pseudo source vector K = (R ₁ + R ₂)/(R ₁ + R ₂), and the variation of the baseline vector due to the difference of arrival time is taken into account up to the second-order by using Halley’s method. The precision of the new VLBI delay model is 1 ps for all radio sources above 100 km altitude from the Earth’s surface in Earth-based VLBI observation. Simple correction terms (parallax effect) are obtained, which can also adopt the consensus model (e.g. International Earth Rotation and Reference Frames Service conventions) to finite-distance radio source at R > 10 pc with the same precision. The new model may enable estimation of distance to the radio source directly with VLBI delay data.     

基于SRTM DEM的二路重轨DINSAR地震形变探测--以2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1大地震震中为例

雷达差分干涉测量（DINSAR）技术能够精确测量雷达视线向的地表形变量的特性，使其成为一种新兴的地表形变遥感测量方法。2001年11月14日发生的昆仑山口西8．1级大地震是近50年来发生在我国大陆的最大规模地震。地震造成的断裂带长度约350km。文中以断裂带最西端的震中地区为实验区，选取多时相ERS-2 SAR影像和航天飞机SRTM DEM数据，采用二路重轨雷达差分干涉处理方法提取了地震形变信息并进行了对比验证。研究结果表明，采用外部DEM的二路差分方法在地形起伏大的高山地区较为有效，且昆仑山地震太阳湖南侧地震破裂带是左旋性质的。     

Structural control of sinkholes and subsidence hazards along the Jordanian Dead Sea coast

For about four decades, the Dead Sea (DS) level and the surrounding water table has been dropping dramatically. At least from the eighties, the direct vicinity of the Lisan Peninsula (LP), Jordan, has been facing high rates of subsidence and sinkhole hazards. Between 2000 and 2002, the Arab Potash Company (APC) lost two salt evaporation ponds resulting in a loss of $70 million. In the fertile plain of Ghor al Haditha (GAH), three deep and wide bowl-shaped subsidence areas threaten human activities and infrastructures. Over the part of the Lisan Peninsula that emerged before the 1960s, relict fossil sinkholes occurred everywhere, whereas new collapses constantly appear in the southern area only. In this paper, we have integrated 15 years of field observations related to sinkholes and subsidence with interpretation of space borne radar interferometric outputs, aerial photographs and satellite images. This has helped to place hazardous areas in their geological context and to clarify them within the framework of the general tectonic setting of the area.     

Retrieval of local surface wave velocities from traffic noise – an example from the La Barge basin (Wyoming)

In regions where active source seismic exploration is constrained by limitations of energy penetration and recovery, cost and logistical concerns, or regulatory restrictions, analysis of natural source seismic data may provide an alternative. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of using locally‐generated seismic noise in the 2–6 Hz band to obtain a subsurface model via interferometric analysis. We apply this technique to three‐component data recorded during the La Barge Passive Seismic Experiment, a local deployment in south‐western Wyoming that recorded continuous seismic data between November 2008 and June 2009. We find traffic noise from a nearby state road to be the dominant source of surface waves recorded on the array and observe surface wave arrivals associated with this source up to distances of 5 kms. The orientation of the road with respect to the deployment ensures a large number of stationary points, leading to clear observations on both in‐line and cross‐line virtual source‐receiver pairs. This results in a large number of usable interferograms, which in turn enables the application of standard active source processing methods like signal processing, common offset stacking and traveltime inversion. We investigate the dependency of the interferograms on the amount of data, on a range of processing parameters and on the choice of the interferometry algorithm. The obtained interferograms exhibit a high signal‐to‐noise ratio on all three components. Rotation of the horizontal components to the radial/transverse direction facilitates the separation of Rayleigh and Love waves. Though the narrow frequency spectrum of the surface waves prevents the inversion for depth‐dependent shear‐wave velocities, we are able to map the arrival times of the surface waves to laterally varying group and phase velocities for both Rayleigh and Love waves. Our results correlate well with the known geological structure. We outline a scheme for obtaining localized surface wave velocities from local noise sources and show how the processing of passive data benefits from a combination with well‐established exploration seismology methods. We highlight the differences with interferometry applied to crustal scale data and conclude with recommendations for similar deployments.     

Surface wave tomography of the western United States from ambient seismic noise: Rayleigh and Love wave phase velocity maps

We present the results of Rayleigh wave and Love wave phase velocity tomography in the western United States using ambient seismic noise observed at over 250 broad-band stations from the EarthScope/USArray Transportable Array and regional networks. All available three-component time-series for the 12-month span between 2005 November 1 and 2006 October 31 have been cross-correlated to yield estimated empirical Rayleigh and Love wave Green's functions. The Love wave signals were observed with higher average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than Rayleigh wave signals and hence cannot be fully explained by the scattering of Rayleigh waves. Phase velocity dispersion curves for both Rayleigh and Love waves between 5 and 40 speriod were measured for each interstation path by applying frequency–time analysis. The average uncertainty and systematic bias of the measurements are estimated using a method based on analysing thousands of nearly linearly aligned station-triplets. We find that empirical Green's functions can be estimated accurately from the negative time derivative of the symmetric component ambient noise cross-correlation without explicit knowledge of the source distribution. The average traveltime uncertainty is less than 1 s at periods shorter than 24 s. We present Rayleigh and Love wave phase speed maps at periods of 8, 12, 16,and 20 s. The maps show clear correlations with major geological structures and qualitative agreement with previous results based on Rayleigh wave group speeds.     

一种测定并置站垂线偏差的小网参数转换法

推导了传统全球卫星导航定位系统(GNSS)测定垂线偏差(Deflection of the Vertical, DOV)形式误差的表达式;提出一种可用以解算并置站DOV的小网参数转换法.利用乌鲁木齐南山多技术并置站控制网观测信息,开展了算法验证,并对该站内多个地点DOV开展了实测.结果表明,高精度的小网DOV仅由点位观测精度最高、覆盖面积最广的3个站点决定.个别精度较差的点会为DOV的测定值带来较大的不确定性;采用小网转换法所解算的DOV与实测值间的一致性分别为-2.3′′±4.3′′(子午分量)和0.2′′±4.6′′(卯酉分量);小网转换求取DOV的方法在精度上与经典的GNSS水准方法相当,但步骤更加简便.鉴于多技术并置站会不定期地开展本地测量,可利用该方法实现多技术并置站DOV的零成本长期监测.     

基于线弹性位错模型及干涉雷达同震形变场反演1997年玛尼Mw75级地震参数－Ⅰ.均匀滑动反演

1997年11月8日西藏玛尼Mw75级地震是干涉雷达技术应用于地震观测以来的一次重要事件.Peltzer等认为该形变场体现了地壳的非线性弹性形变响应，挤压象限和拉张象限的杨氏模量比值为2.相同的情形并没有在其他地震同震形变场中发现，通常用线弹性理论就能够很好地解释观测数据.考虑到他们所用断层模型的简化程度和纯走滑约束等，本研究认为非线性弹性解释是牵强的.应用广泛使用的Okada线弹性位错模型，采用卫星观测得到的地表断层位置，去除倾滑为零的约束，基于非线性优化反演方法寻求拟合雷达观测的最佳断层几何参数和均匀滑动参数.结果表明，线弹性模型能够满意解释观测数据.断层在朝阳湖以东的段落最深达到165 km，随着断层向两侧延伸，深度逐渐减小；反演得到的断层倾     

Vlbi study of the sio maser emission at 43 GHZ in the circumstellar envelope of R cas

We discuss the European effort in the study of millimeter-wave circumstellar masers with very long baseline interferometry. We show some results of the first observations, and discuss present and future work.