Earthquake recurrence on whole active fault zones and its relation to that on individual fault-segments

IntroductionEarthquake recurrence models established on activity behaviors of strong earthquakes are the bases of long-term earthquake prediction, seismic risk zonation, and seismic hazard assessment. A lot of studies have been carried out on earthquake recurrence behaviors for specific seismogenic sources or fault-segments, and a series of empirical recurrence models have been proposed, such as the time-predictable model and the slip-predictable model for earthquakes repeated at the previous …     

地震时空丛集的多重分形研究

为探索大地震发生的可预测性,应用分形理论并根据标准数盒子的数值计算方法,研究了华北地区历史地震和唐山地区地震活动的空间分布特征,估算了地震活动能量的分维值并研究了其多重分形谱的几何结构．初步结果显示出大地震发生前,广义维值有明显的下降过程,分形谱ｆ（α）结构有右偏现象．在低于上述时空层次的唐山地区,孕震系统也有类似特征出现．这些异常现象揭示出孕震动力系统的物理机理和激变前的某些不稳定性．     

核概率距离聚类方法及应用

研究聚类分析新方法一直是统计学和机器学习研究领域普遍关注的课题。针对概率距离聚类算法不能解决非线性可分聚类问题的缺欠,笔者应用核函数理论将该模型拓展成为一种能够解决非线性可分聚类问题的统计模型,称为核概率距离聚类分析模型。研制出一种应用新模型进行遥感图像非监督分类研究的实施策略和可行算法;在GDAL遥感图像数据输入输出函数库基础上,用VC++语言开发了遥感图像核概率距离聚类分析算法程序;用ERDAS软件提供的一幅7波段491像素×440像素大小的TM图像进行新方法分类应用实验研究。对比了新模型和其原版本的TM遥感图像非监督分类效果,结果表明新模型的非监督分类效果优于原有的分类模型。     

基于遗传算法的针灸处方寻优设计

几千年来针灸处方数据的积累,为现代医务工作者提供了丰富的针灸临床经验,但是,如何借鉴海量的针灸处方生成有价值、最优的针灸处方,则是现代针灸学致力于研究的重点。搜集了跨度几千年的大部分针灸处方数据,在对其进行结构化的基础上,利用遗传算法的思想对每一朝代单独聚类产生各自的适应度函数,然后再对各个朝代的适应度函数按其权重组合形成总的适应度函数,最终通过适应度函数取值的高低获得优化后的针灸处方。将算法用于开发针灸处方决策支持系统,经临床实践,其寻优结果具有较高的适用价值。     

Application of fuzzy clustering method to determining sub-fault planes of earthquake from aftershocks sequence

Earthquake rupture process generally involves several faults activities instead of a single fault. A new method using both fuzzy clustering and principal component analysis makes it possible to reconstruct three dimensional structure of involved faults in earthquake if the aftershocks around the active fault planes distribute uniformly. When seismic events are given, the optimal faults structures can be determined by our new method. Each of sub-fault planes is fully characterized by its central location, length, width, strike and dip. The resolution determines the number of fault segments needed to describe the earthquake catalog. The higher the resolution, the finer the structure of the reconstructed fault segments. The new method successfully reconstructs the fault segments using synthetic earthquake catalogs. By taking the 28 June 1992 Landers earthquake occured in southern California as an example, the reconstructed fault segments are consistent with the faults already known on geological maps or blind faults that appeared quite frequently in longer-term catalogs.     

基于从业人口数据的长江三角洲内部职能分工与空间集聚特征

以长江三角洲地区为研究对象,基于2000年、2010年两次全国人口普查数据中10%抽样数据,以长三角139个区县为基本空间单元,提取出各区县按“行业门类”划分的行业从业人口信息,合并归纳为7 种职能类型,从结构属性和空间属性两个层面分析长江三角洲内部职能分工与空间集聚特征。首先采取洛伦茨曲线和地理集中度指数(EG),测度区域内各职能规模分异与空间集聚程度,然后以职能区位熵为基础数据进行各区县职能空间聚类分析,考察各职能集聚区的空间布局及变化情况。研究发现:从全国层面来看,长三角地区整体上以“商务商贸”和“工业”为主要职能,并且存在进一步强化的趋势,农业职能则持续弱化;长三角内部职能分工结构存在不断专业化的趋势,“商务商贸”、“现代物流”和“教育科研”等专业化服务职能逐步向上海、南京、杭州三大中心城市核心区集中,而“工业”职能集聚区集中分布在沪宁轴线地区,并逐渐向沿江地区和杭州湾沿岸地区转移和扩散。     

Which catchment characteristics control the temporal dependence structure of daily river flows?

Hydrological classification systems seek to provide information about the dominant processes in the catchment to enable information to be transferred between catchments. Currently, there is no widely agreed‐upon system for classifying river catchments. This paper develops a novel approach to classifying catchments based on the temporal dependence structure of daily mean river flow time series, applied to 116 near‐natural ‘benchmark’ catchments in the UK. The classification system is validated using 49 independent catchments. Temporal dependence in river flow data is driven by the flow pathways, connectivity and storage within the catchment and can thus be used to assess the influence catchment characteristics have on moderating the precipitation‐to‐flow relationship. Semi‐variograms were computed for the 116 benchmark catchments to provide a robust and efficient way of characterising temporal dependence. Cluster analysis was performed on the semi‐variograms, resulting in four distinct clusters. The influence of a wide range of catchment characteristics on the semi‐variogram shape was investigated, including: elevation, land cover, physiographic characteristics, soil type and geology. Geology, depth to gleyed layer in soils, slope of the catchment and the percentage of arable land were significantly different between the clusters. These characteristics drive the temporal dependence structure by influencing the rate at which water moves through the catchment and/or the storage in the catchment. Quadratic discriminant analysis was used to show that a model with five catchment characteristics is able to predict the temporal dependence structure for un‐gauged catchments. This method could form the basis for future regionalisation strategies, as a way of transferring information on the precipitation‐to‐flow relationship between gauged and un‐gauged catchments. © 2014 The Authors. Hydrological Processes by published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于密度的轨迹时空聚类分析

通过轨迹聚类分析挖掘物体移动模式的空间分布和时间特征,对于认识运动的形成机制,预测运动的未来发展具有重要的意义。目前,轨迹聚类研究主要关注物体的空间位置变化,时空聚类中时间约束一般只是作为辅助信息,并不真正参与聚类。本文提出基于密度的轨迹时空聚类方法,在聚类过程中同时考虑轨迹包含的时空信息,在空间聚类的基础上提出了轨迹线段时间距离的度量方法和阈值确定原则,对时空邻域密度进行聚类分析,挖掘物体的时空移动模式。实验对南海涡旋轨迹进行时空聚类分析,得到了涡旋典型移动模式的空间分布和时间特征,验证了基于密度的轨迹时空聚类方法的有效性。加入时间约束后,移动通道主要发生缩短、分裂和消失的变化。和空间聚类相比,轨迹时空聚类可有效地划分发生在同一位置不同时间的轨迹,得到的聚类结果更加细化,移动模式更加准确,有利于物体的移动模式做更深入的分析。     

河南省经济发展的国土空间评价分区研究

优化国土开发格局是国土规划的核心任务,合理的区划方案是国土开发利用的基础。基于可持续发展理论,结合河南省国土资源属性的多功能性,从社会、经济、资源和生态环境入手建立国土多功能利用评价指标体系,通过模糊聚类分析法将河南省18个地级市分成4种类型区,并采用熵权法对各类型区进行功能评价。结果表明：重点发展功能区的各项功能评价值均居于首位;农业发展功能区的农业生产功能价值最高,其余各项功能相对较弱;综合发展区功能区的各项功能均不突出;生态优先功能区的经济、社会和资源功能受生态环境功能的影响最明显。通过对比分析,验证了构建的指标评价体系和分区方法基本可行,表明区划方案可对省级国土规划的编制和国土资源的可持续利用提供技术支撑。     

Influence of thermal stratification on the surfacing and clustering of floaters in free surface turbulence

The dispersion of floaters, small organic particles lighter than water, on the free surface of an open turbulent channel flow subject to thermal stratification is studied by Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of turbulence and Lagrangian Particle Tracking (LPT). Constant heat flux is maintained at the free surface of the channel, the bottom wall is adiabatic and the turbulent flow is driven by a pressure gradient. This archetypal flow setup mimics an environmentally plausible situation which can be found in terrestrial water bodies. The free surface turbulence characteristic of such flows has a strong influence on the distribution of the floaters: the objective of this work is to study the effect of different regimes of stable stratification on the surface distribution of floaters. The distribution of the floaters can possibly influence the transfer of chemical species across the water/atmosphere interface. Our results show that the modification of turbulence due to the thermal stratification strongly influences the settling velocity of floaters in the bulk of the flow. At the surface, stratification effects are also observed on the clustering of the floaters: the filamentary patterns of floaters observed in unstratified turbulence are progressively lost as thermal stratification increases, and the distribution of the floaters remains roughly two-dimensional.