北京连续降水水汽输送差异的同位素示踪

为了探讨连续降水过程中水汽输送的变化,应用NCEP/NCAR资料、HYSPLIT后向轨迹模拟及降水稳定同位素资料对北京22场连续降水的水汽输送差异进行了研究。结果表明:连续降水的水汽输送可分为西向水汽输送、远洋水汽输送、近海水汽输送、远源大陆水汽输送和局地大陆水汽输送5种类型,并以近海水汽输送和西向水汽输送为主（降水量占比60.8%）。不同水汽输送类型下降水δ18O的差异主要受水汽源区同位素富集程度及水汽输送途中降水过程的影响,降水氘盈余的变化反映出二次蒸发的影响及水汽源区大气相对湿度的差异。14场连续降水的水汽输送类型发生了变化,且降水δ18O值的变化能够较好地指示水汽输送类型的变化。该结果说明降水同位素特征能够为识别水汽输送类型提供有效信息。     

高分散性、粒度高正态分布氢氧化镁的制备研究进展

近年来Mg(OH)2的改性研究受到广泛重视;对水热处理技术和表面改性手段处理Mg(OH)2的研究现状进行概述,并讨论制备超细粉体改性Mg(OH)2的影响因素。     

西安地铁施工诱发地表沉降及对城墙的影响

以西安地铁2号线为背景,利用3种预测公式对实测地表沉降值进行拟合,得到了沉降槽形态参数。利用拟合参数,借鉴“刚度修正法”原理对地铁下穿城墙施工诱发其基础的沉降进行预测,并建立城墙的三维有限元模型,对城墙所能承受的极限变形能力和承载力进行量化分析,分析结果表明：Peck公式能较好地描述地表沉降特征;考虑后期蠕变和固结作用,盾构施工所诱发的城墙基础最大沉降量不得超过20 mm,期望对后期地铁施工引起地表沉降及其对建筑物的响应提供科学参考。     

Evaluation of the response modification coefficient and collapse potential of special concentrically braced frames

Special concentrically braced frames (SCBFs) are commonly used for seismic design of buildings. Their large elastic stiffness and strength efficiently sustains the seismic demands during smaller, more frequent earthquakes. During large, infrequent earthquakes, SCBFs exhibit highly nonlinear behavior due to brace buckling and yielding and the inelastic behavior induced by secondary deformation of the framing system. These response modes reduce the system demands relative to an elastic system without supplemental damping using a response modification coefficient, commonly termed the R factor. More recently, procedures put forth in FEMAP695 have been made to quantify the R factor through a formalized procedure that accounts for collapse potential. The primary objective of the research in this paper was to evaluate the approach for SCBFs. An improved model for SCBFs that permits simulation of brace fracture was used to conduct response history analyses. A series of three‐story, nine‐story and 20‐story SCBFs were designed and evaluated. Initially, the FEMAP695 method was conducted to estimate collapse and the corresponding R factor. An alternate procedure for scaling the multiple acceleration records to the seismic design hazard was also evaluated. The results show significant variation between the two methods. Of the three variations of buildings studied, the largest vulnerability was identified for the three‐story building. To achieve a consistent margin of safety against collapse, a significantly lower R factor is required for the low‐rise SCBFs (three‐story), whereas the mid‐rise and high‐rise SCBFs (nine‐story and 20‐story) may continue to use the current value of 6, as provided in ASCE‐07. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

淮南矿区新集二矿1煤地面排水钻孔的设计施工

新集二矿的主采煤层位于山西组的底部,受到下伏太原组岩溶裂隙含水层的威胁。为缓解井下的防治水压力．采用了在地面施工排水孔的防治水思路。根据钻孔的位置及地层情况,采用了泥浆循环钻进与空气潜孔锤钻进相结合的方法。由于在钻孔施工过程中,发生了泥浆向巷道渗漏的情况,为保证钻孔施工安全及井下生产安全而对钻孔设计深度进行了调整,从而顺利的完成了该孔的钻探施工任务。此孔的成功,可为类似地区施工矿井防治水钻探工程提供借鉴。     

贵州空域自动化批复系统

人工影响天气作业(以下简称“人影作业”)的申请与批复是人影作业实施的重要环节,是一项涉及多行业、多环节,对安全性要求极高的技术工作。目前,空中交通日益繁忙,日航班量达1700余次,全省人影作业高炮及固定火箭达480余门,是20 a前的3~4倍,通过电话、甚高频无线电台进行人影作业空域申请的传统工作方式已无法满足目前人影作业空域申报和管理的要求。为提高人影作业的效率,缩短作业申请与批复信息的传递时耗,开发建成了贵州省空域自动化批复系统,实现了人影作业多点同时申请与批复,解决了电话占线等问题。简化了业务流程,缩短了人影作业申请与批复时间,从以往一个申请过程至少需打8个电话缩短到2个电话,实现了禁射区的自动批复,完成了人影工作由传统型向信息化转变,大大提高了人影作业时效。     

Monitoring global land surface drought based on a hybrid evapotranspiration model

The latent heat of evapotranspiration (ET) plays an important role in the assessment of drought severity as one sensitive indicator of land drought status. A simple and accurate method of estimating global ET for the monitoring of global land surface droughts from remote sensing data is essential. The objective of this research is to develop a hybrid ET model by introducing empirical coefficients based on a simple linear two-source land ET model, and to then use this model to calculate the Evaporative Drought Index (EDI) based on the actual estimated ET and the potential ET in order to characterize global surface drought conditions. This is done using the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Surface Radiation Budget (SRB) products, AVHRR-NDVI products from the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) group, and National Centers for Environmental Prediction Reanalysis-2 (NCEP-2) datasets. We randomly divided 22 flux towers into two groups and performed a series of cross-validations using ground measurements collected from the corresponding flux towers. The validation results from the second group of flux towers using the data from the first group for calibration show that the daily bias varies from −6.72 W/m² to 12.95 W/m² and the average monthly bias is −1.73 W/m². Similarly, the validation results of the first group of flux towers using data from second group for calibration show that the daily bias varies from −12.91 W/m² to 10.26 W/m² and the average monthly bias is −3.59 W/m². To evaluate the reliability of the hybrid ET model on a global scale, we compared the estimated ET from the GEWEX, AVHRR-GIMMS-NDVI, and NECP-2 datasets with the latent heat flux from the Global Soil Wetness Project-2 (GSWP-2) datasets. We found both of them to be in good agreement, which further supports the validity of our model's global ET estimation. Significantly, the patterns of monthly EDI anomalies have a good spatial and temporal correlation with the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) anomalies from January 1984 to December 2002, which indicates that the method can be used to accurately monitor long-term global land surface drought.     

双混沌映射的土家织锦图案数字加密算法

结合混沌序列易生成性、对初始条件敏感性、可完全重现性等特点,给出了一种基于混沌映射的土家织锦图案数字加密算法。首先对原始图案进行离散小波变换（DWT）,变换的矩阵奇行与Logistic映射产生的二值序列异或,偶行与Hybrid映射产生的二值序列异或,然后对产生的新矩阵进行DWT逆变换,即得到加密的织锦图案。实验结果表明,本文算法具有较高的安全性和较好的加密效果。     

TREC算法在人工影响天气作业指挥系统中的应用

雷达回波外推是解决人工影响天气指挥炮点作业时间选取的有效途径。文章介绍了雷达回波外推的相关性跟踪方法（TREC）,由TREC矢量得到的回波移向移速,以6 min为间隔,线性外推4次回波,根据外推回波是否落在炮点的有效射程范围内,得到回波到达炮点射程范围的时间,为炮点作业时间的选取提供参考。个例分析表明,外推回波落在炮点有效射程范围的外推时间与回波实际落在炮点的有效射程范围内时间点基本吻合。     

地面人影作业决策指挥系统建设的技术问题探讨

为做好地面人工影响天气决策指挥系统的研究和开发,提出各级人影办的职责和作业流程。在市级人影办指挥地面作业的体制内,省级人影办主要做好潜势预报和作业预警等项工作;市级人影办建立以GIS、雷达图像、作业点位置叠加为基础,作业指标为核心,高炮、火箭射程计算作业参数为关键,利用GPRS通信完成指挥中心到作业点的指令下达任务;县级人影办主要负责作业监测、部分作业点的指挥、作业和灾情信息上报,作业点管理等项工作。该方案可以提高形成作业指令的科学性和指令下达速度,使其进入业务应用。