基于COS-2S模型的ADCP海浪方向谱估计

美国RD公司声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)使用的波向估计算法是迭代的最大似然算法(IMLM),IMLM可以准确估计出主浪向,但波向估计结果在主浪向以外其他方向上存在由噪声带来的能量分布,使得估计结果变得不准确。设计了基于COS-2S模型的波向估计方法,模型中只含有主波向,算法在准确估计主波向同时有效去除其他方向上噪声带来的能量分布。将一种混合遗传算法(HGA)代替遗传算法(GA)应用到波浪模型的参数求解中,HGA相对GA收敛更快,可有效找出全局最优解。仿真分析和实测数据表明,HGA和IMLM都能准确估计出波浪的主浪向,但HGA可有效去除主浪向以外其他方向上噪声带来的能量分布,HGA比IMLM更加适用于海洋各种噪声存在条件下的测量环境。     

Orchestrating transnational environmental governance in maritime shipping

Maritime shipping is the transmission belt of the global economy. It is also a major contributor to global environmental change through its under-regulated air, water and land impacts. It is puzzling that shipping is a lagging sector as it has a well-established global regulatory body—the International Maritime Organization. Drawing on original empirical evidence and archival data, we introduce a four-factor framework to investigate two main questions: why is shipping lagging in its environmental governance; and what is the potential for the International Maritime Organization to orchestrate emerging private ‘green shipping’ initiatives to achieve better ecological outcomes? Contributing to transnational governance theory, we find that conditions stalling regulatory progress include low environmental issue visibility, poor interest alignment, a broadening scope of environmental issues, and growing regulatory fragmentation and uncertainty. The paper concludes with pragmatic recommendations for the International Maritime Organization to acknowledge the regulatory difficulties and seize the opportunity to orchestrate environmental progress.     

The Lateral Trigger Probability function for the Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Ray showers detected by the Pierre Auger Observatory

In this paper we introduce the concept of Lateral Trigger Probability (LTP) function, i.e., the probability for an Extensive Air Shower (EAS) to trigger an individual detector of a ground based array as a function of distance to the shower axis, taking into account energy, mass and direction of the primary cosmic ray. We apply this concept to the surface array of the Pierre Auger Observatory consisting of a 1.5 km spaced grid of about 1600 water Cherenkov stations. Using Monte Carlo simulations of ultra-high energy showers the LTP functions are derived for energies in the range between 10¹⁷ and 10¹⁹ eV and zenith angles up to 65°. A parametrization combining a step function with an exponential is found to reproduce them very well in the considered range of energies and zenith angles. The LTP functions can also be obtained from data using events simultaneously observed by the fluorescence and the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory (hybrid events). We validate the Monte Carlo results showing how LTP functions from data are in good agreement with simulations.     

释放化学物质耗空电离层电子密度的研究

电离层作为电波传播的主要通道和载体,影响着无线电通信的质量,因此人工电离层扰动具有广阔的应用前景,在电离层中释放具有较强电子亲和力的化学物质可以耗空电离层F区的电子密度,是人工电离层扰动的有效手段之一.本文通过对CO2和SF6气体在电离层中的扩散和离子化学反应过程的分析,理论计算了在我国北京地区上空释放这两种气体后电离...     

基于MICAPS 3核心的人影业务平台设计与开发

文章主要介绍了基于MICAPS 3.2系统框架的人工影响天气业务平台的设计与开发.首先介绍了MICAPS 3.2的主要功能、模块设计特点以及主要的系统接口情况.其次介绍了人工影响天气的工作流程、工作内容以及主要产品并指出不同类型的数据在该系统中的交互方法.最后,针对人影工作特点设计菜单和界面布局,完成系统开发设计,并展示了开发完成后人影业务主要产品的例子.     

Simulation of the Askervein flow. Part 2: Large-eddy simulations

Large-eddy simulations of the neutrally stratified flow over the Askervein Hill were performed, to improve the knowledge of the flow obtained from field measurements and numerical simulations with Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) methods. A Lagrangian dynamic subgrid model was used but, to avoid the underdissipative character near the ground, it was merged with a damped Smagorinsky model. Simulations of a flat boundary-layer flow with this subgrid model showed that the turbulent vertical motions and shear stress were better resolved using grids with a stream to spanwise aspect ratio Δx / Δy = 2 than with an aspect ratio Δx / Δy = 1. Regarding the flow over the Askervein Hill, it was found that large-eddy simulations provide an acceptable solution for the mean-velocity field and better predictions of the turbulent kinetic energy in the upstream side of the hill than the model. However, as with the model, grid convergence was not achieved in the lee side and the size of the zone with reversed flow increased with the grid refinement. Nevertheless, the existence of the intermittent separation predicted with unsteady RANS in part one of this work seems unquestionable, due to the deceleration of the flow. In our opinion, a better modelling of the decelerating boundary layer in the lee side is required to improve the results obtained using equilibrium assumptions and achieve grid convergence.     

人工影响天气作业装备研发和应用进展

人工影响天气科学活动持续了将近70 a,其作业装备和技术方法均得到了很大的发展,已经形成空中和地面一体化作业体系。以美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、以色列、南非、泰国等为代表的国家主要使用飞机和地面发生器开展人工影响天气作业。以俄罗斯、中国、保加利亚等为代表的国家在使用飞机和地面发生器的同时,也使用火箭(或高炮)开展人工影响天气作业。随着高性能飞机的投入使用,播撒技术和催化剂配方的不断研发改进,人工影响天气作业装备整体水平有了明显的发展和提高。文章分别介绍了国内外人工影响天气飞机及机载作业装备、火箭和高炮、地面发生器、常用催化剂的研发和应用情况及未来发展趋势。     

人影高炮作业数据采集器的移动电源设计

高炮作业是人工影响天气的日常工作,其作业数据的采集与收集尤为重要。高炮作业数据采集器是实现作业数据的采集与存储,一般采用锂电池供电。针对锂电池容量低而无法满足采集器的长时间使用,常在高炮作业的关键时刻电量不足影响高炮作业顺利进行的问题,设计了一种人影高炮作业数据采集器的专用移动电源。该专用移动电源由充放电保护电路、电芯、电芯容量指示电路、DC-DC升压电路、及CN3703充电管理电路等部分组成。经过最终测试,该设计符合实际使用要求、成本低、性能稳定,具有较强的工程应用价值。     

基于空间变异修正普通克里金的矿区复杂地形高精度建模

普通克里金法是构建矿区三维地形模型并揭示地表沉陷形变场动态变化规律的有效方法。但普通克里金法存在平滑效应的问题,导致估计值的空间变异程度小于实际,无法真实反映矿区复杂地表形态的空间变化特征。本文结合矿区实际地形采样数据,提出了一种空间变异修正的普通克里金法,并将其应用于矿区复杂地形的高精度建模,并与已有方法在建模精度和空间变异性复现方面进行了对比分析。研究结果表明,空间变异修正的普通克里金法能够很好地处理平滑效应对建模的影响,具有更高的建模精度和空间变异性复现能力,在矿区复杂地形高精度建模应用中具有较强的适用性,可以作为一种可靠的建模工具用于矿区复杂地形沉陷形变场动态变化规律分析。     

“天地图·中山”电子地图改造技术研究

基于"数字中山地理空间框架"的电子地图数据基础,详细阐述了"天地图·中山"电子地图数据建设流程,包括矢量电子地图数据集、影像电子地图数据集建设与质量控制。通过实践形成了从"数字框架"电子地图到"天地图"电子地图的数据升级改造生产方案,避免了数据的冗余,为地理信息数据的共建共享打下基础。