蛭石精矿的有机改性试验

采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMAB)对蛭石精矿进行了有机改性,利用X射线衍射法(XRD)、红外光谱(IR)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)和热失重分析(TG)对蛭石精矿和有机改性蛭石进行了表征。实验结果表明,当反应液中蛭石与水的质量比为1∶10、反应温度在60~70℃时,HDTMAB的阳离子HDTMA进入绝大部分蛭石晶粒的晶层,将蛭石的晶层间距撑大,蛭石的(001)晶面间距d001从1.45986 nm增大到3.70134 nm。HDTMA进入了单晶颗粒之间,将蛭石颗粒分散成单晶颗粒。     

负离子粉体材料的超细化和表面改性研究

采用聚羧酸盐为表面改性剂,用玛瑙球为研磨介质,研究电气石矿物粉末的研磨改性工艺,优化了最佳的研磨工艺条件,并对湿法研磨改性的电气石粉末进行了粒度分析测试.红外光谱显示,研磨改性后的电气石粉末表面带有聚羧酸基团,可进一步增进电气石粉末与各种材料的相容性能.改性后电气石粉未的负离子释放量达600个/cm3.     

Political ecology in the key of policy: From chains of explanation to webs of relation

Political ecology (PE) is rooted in a combination of critical perspectives and the hard won insights distilled from field work. The theoretical base of political ecology was joined, by Piers Blaikie and others, to an unflinching commitment to empirical observation of biophysical and socio-economic phenomena in place. To this already ambitious mix was added a practical intent to contribute to material as well as social change: a practical political ecology of alternative development ran beneath the surface of much of this work. For many this led to serious encounters with policy and the machinery of policy research institutions. While seemingly contradictory with the critical tenets of political ecology, Blaikie’s pursuit of this pathway led beyond the ivory tower to Political Ecology in the Key of Policy, initially to inform national and international policy and eventually expanding - through the work of second-generation PE - to address internal policy in social movements and alternative development networks. Among recent variations on political ecology that have built partly on the work of Blaikie, Feminist Political Ecology (FPE) expands PE to address women as a group, and gender as a category. FPE and post-structural PE are based on multiple actors with complex and overlapping identities, affinities and interests. An emergent wave of political ecology joins FPE, post-structural theory, and complexity science, to address theory, policy and practice in alternatives to sustainable development. It combines a radical empiricism and situated science, with feminist post-structural theories of multiple identity and “location”, and alternative development paradigms. This approach honors the legacy of Piers Blaikie and other PE founders yet incorporates the insights and political projects of feminism, post-structural critique and autonomous or alternative development movements.     

牡丹江和海拉尔台下方地幔间断面结构及推论

利用牡丹江(MDJ)和海拉尔(HIA)台1988-2000年的宽频带三分量数字地震记录,通过地幔间断面产生的P-SV转换波,研究台站下方地幔间断面的分布以及日本海俯冲带对660km间断面的影响.为了提高所得结果的可靠性,采用了线性-偏振滤波方法和修正的N次根倾斜叠加方法来提取P-SV转换波.前一方法通过实验选取适当的光滑平均和提出立体角的约束;对后一方法进行了震源深度校正和间断面倾斜的修正.结果表明,在MDJ和HIA台下方,除在660,410,220和520km深度附近均存有间断面外,在140,350,570,740和1080km深度附近也存在间断面,显示了地幔中径向分层的复杂性;另外,MDJ台下方660-840km之间的间断面结果比HIA台下方的复杂,似有分层结构,可能反映了俯冲带的影响.     

An approximation of the sediment budget of the lower mississippi river prior to major human modification

A sediment budget is constructed for the Lower Mississippi River prior to the introduction of most human modifications. Components of the budget are derived from historical data including Mississippi River Commission hydrographic survey maps for the period from 1877 to 1924. A quantitative estimate of major sediment sources, sinks and storage locations in the Lower Mississippi Valley suggest that the most important sediment source was from bank caving and that at least 50 per cent more sediment was deposited in short-term channel storage than in longer-term overbank storage. The budget indicates that the proportion of sediment transported as bedload was significantly greater than previously estimated. The magnitude and variability of these sediment budget components are discussed. The results of the study suggest that prior to modifications the river was aggrading over much of its length.     

Active and laboratory experiments in space plasma physics

This report focuses on active experiments in space as well as laboratory experiments which are directly related to space phenomena. The active experiments involve particle releases in the CRESS and AMPTE missions. Unexpected results such as the motion of the plasma triggered several interesting computer simulations and a laboratory experiment which will be reviewed. Critical Ionization Phenomena will be discussed in this context. A recent release over Arecibo was used to create a plasma lens to focus radiation from the HF heater beam. The higher power triggered several nonlinear processes. Advances in plasma sources and diagnostics have made it possible to scale many laboratory experiments. Discussed here are experiments on Alfvén waves generated by a localized source, 3D magnetic field line reconnection, three dimensional magnetized double layers and simulations of a tethered satellite.     

Benthic Front and the Yamato Basin Bottom Water in the Japan Sea

Hydrographic observations have revealed detailed structure of the Bottom Water in the Japan Sea. The Yamato Basin Bottom Water (YBBW) exhibits higher temperatures and lower dissolved oxygen concentrations than those found in the Japan Basin Bottom Water (JBBW). Both Bottom Waters meet around the boundary region between the Yamato and the Japan Basins, forming a clear benthic front. The structure of the benthic front suggests an estuary-like water exchange between both Basins, with the inflow from the Japan Basin passing under the outflow from the Yamato Basin. It is inferred from the property distributions that the JBBW flowing into the Yamato Basin is entrained by the cyclonic circulation in the basin, and modified to become the YBBW. Vertical diffusion and thermal balance in the YBBW are examined using a box model. The results show that the effect of geothermal heating has about 70% of the magnitude of the vertical thermal diffusion and both terms cancel the advection term of the cold JBBW from the Japan Basin. The box model also estimates the turnover time and vertical diffusivity for the YBBW as 9.1 years and 3.4 × 10⁻³ m²s^{− 1}, respectively.     

Research and application of mud proportioning optimization of slurry balance shield in mudstone and gravel composite stratum

Slurry performance is one of the key factors to maintain the stability of excavation face when slurry balance shield is tunneling in complex strata. Based on the engineering background of slurry shield tunneling in mudstone and gravel composite stratum of Nanning Metro Line 5, the control variable method and the self-made slurry shield tunneling system are adopted to compare and select the mud admixture and to analyze the influence of the admixture amount and the formation composite ratio on the slurry relative density. Then, the mud permeability law and the dynamic and static mud film forming law under different formation composite ratios, swelling water ratios and slag dosages are analyzed comprehensively by factorial design. The results show that different admixtures have significant influence on the properties of bentonite slurry. Specifically, potassium methyl silicate and potassium chloride can effectively reduce the relative density of slurry, while sodium chloride and sodium silicate can promote the disintegration of mudstone in water. In addition, the slag admixture can effectively reduce the water filtration, improving the film quality and reducing the consumption of bentonite. When the cutter head speed is less than or equal to 2.5 r/min, the formation rate of mud film is greater than or equal to the failure rate so as to ensure the stability of driving face. The mud swelling water ratio suitable for mudstone and gravel composite stratum (composite ratio: 0?1) is 0.1?0.20, the residue content is 100?200 g/kg, and the potassium methyl silicate is 3.75%?7.50%.     

基于Hybrid EnSRF-En3DVar的雷达资料同化研究

基于WRF模式构建了Hybrid En SRF-En3DVar同化系统,该系统使用En SRF方案直接更新集合扰动。利用构建的同化系统针对台风"桑美"分别进行集合协方差权重敏感性试验和同化雷达不同观测资料的敏感性试验。集合协方差权重敏感性试验发现:当集合协方差权重分别为0.25、0.5和0.75时,同化效果优于3DVar试验,其中0.75的集合协方差权重试验得到了分析场的最优估计;当集合协方差权重为1.0时,分析场最差。同化雷达不同观测资料的敏感性试验表明,联合同化雷达径向风及反射率能有效改善大气湿度场和风场,但对风场的改善效果不如仅同化雷达径向风好。将En SRF集合扰动更新方案与扰动观测方案综合分析发现,扰动观测方案集合离散度较小,计算代价大,En SRF方案优于扰动观测方案。     

风电场两种超短期风速预报方法的效果对比

针对风电场所需的时效在0~4 h,且时间分辨率不低于15 min的超短期风速预报。根据测风塔实时发回的实测风速序列,建立了基于BP神经网络的风电场风速时间序列外延预报模型。另一方面,建立 MM5模式预报风速与实测风速的误差序列,并利用BP神经网络作误差序列的外延预报,从而利用误差的预报值对MM5风速预报值进行订正,获得新的预报值。综合对两种方法的预报效果指标分析以及拟合曲线的比较结果表明:使用BP神经网络对MM5风速预报值进行修订的方法在总体上效果较优,特别是当影响风电场的天气系统变化明显,近地层风速变率较大时,该方法的预报效果更具有明显的优势。