生态足迹模型在武城县环境友好型土地利用模式建设中的应用

应用生态足迹模型,对武城县2005年的生态足迹进行了计算,得出武城县人均生态足迹是1．66hm^2／人,可利用的全县人均生态承载力为0．54hm^2／人,全县人均生态赤字为1．12hm^2／人,远高于全国平均水平。全县生态赤字最多的是草地,然后依次是化石燃料用地、耕地、建设用地、林地,这表明武城县对自然环境的影响已经大大地超出了生态环境承载力。人们对生活环境要求的提高,以及工业的飞速发展对化石燃料消耗和耕地占用的急剧增加是产生生态赤字的主要原因。     

Dynamic Changes of Sediment Discharge and the Influencing Factors in the Yellow River,China, for the Recent 90 Years

The dynamic changes in the sediment discharge over 90 years from 1919 to 2008 in the Yellow River in China were assessed on the basis of annual rainfall series and annual sediment series in Shan County hydrological station. The key factors affecting sediment discharge, such as rainfall, and human activities were studied. Anomaly accumulation method and double mass curve were employed to test the stage changes of sediment discharge, and to determine the main factors of sediment decline. Results showed that the annual average sediment discharge under natural conditions was about 16 × 10⁸ t, but the measured annual average sediment during 1919–2008 was 12.71 × 10⁸ t. The highest annual average during the study period was 39.10 × 10⁸ t in 1933 while the lowest was 1.77 × 10⁸ t in 2008. Sediment discharge in the Yellow River experienced two low sediment stages (1924–1931 and 1979–2008) and a high sediment stage (1932–1971), respectively. Since 1979, there was a significant decreasing trend in the sediment discharge, and the main influencing factor was fierce human activities. Annual average sediment discharge in the post‐development period (1979–2008) was 69.7% lower than that in the pre‐development period (1919–1978), with average reduction of 81 and 19% caused by human activities and rainfall, respectively. These results provide important evidence for making protecting policy for water resources quality and environmental safety of the Yellow River.     

Assessing the influence of environmental parameters on the hydrological cycle

Human activity is exerting an increasing influence on the hydrological cycle. In order to avoid adverse impacts and to establish optimum conditions for the water balance, it is necessary to understand the role of environmental parameters in influencing the hydrological cycle. Work is currently in progress in China to study the relationships between environmental parameters and the hydrological cycle to provide a basis for planning future development.     

关于地质灾害与地质环境关系的探讨

本文主要介绍了地质灾害与地质环境的分布关系,并得出地质环境对地质灾害易发程度的影响等级,为地质灾害易发区划或预警区划因子权重的确定提供参考。     

人体健康气象指数的设计及预报技术探讨

影响人类健康的疾病发生的直接致病因素可能并非气象要素,但这些控制疾病发生的因素却主要受制于气象要素,根据气象要素对疾病的影响规律可以设计出有利人类预防疾病、增进健康的气象指数.本文通过对大量的医疗和气象资料的统计分析,找出了一些疾病和气象要素的实际相关关系,得出疾病对气象要素的敏感度和依从性,并根据这些特性,探讨了人体健康气象指数的普遍性设计方法、分级原理和预报技术.文中还特别以急性上呼吸道感染为例作了详细介绍.     

云南星云湖水质变化及其人文因素驱动力分析

星云湖目前存在水污染加重、富营养化进程加快、水体功能受损等问题.以星云湖为研究对象,根据星云湖2005-2015年的水质数据、社会经济统计数据和遥感影像图,运用目视解译、叠加分析、污染足迹模型及主成分分析法,分析了星云湖流域近10年以来水质变化趋势、入湖河流污染物污染足迹及其人文因素驱动力.结果表明:(1)水质数据趋势表明,从月变化看,3月份水质最好,9月份水质最差;从年变化看,2005-2015年间,2008年水质状况最好,2014年的水质状况最差,从2008-2014年水质持续变差,到2015年好转.(2)2015年有机物、氮和磷的污染足迹分别为583.26、705.88和494.11 km~2.污染足迹前4位的入湖河流依次为:大街河东西大河东河渔村河东西大河西河,占星云湖流域总污染足迹的66.21%.污染程度大的大街河、东西大河和渔村河周边土地利用类型为水田、旱地和村庄.(3)星云湖水质影响因素第1主成分(总人口、播种面积、农村人口、化肥使用量、农膜使用量、大牲畜存栏量)与农村生活和农业面源污染有关;第2主成分(人均GDP、第一产业产值、第二产业产值、第三产业产值)与社会经济发展有关.因此,星云湖流域水质变化的人文因素驱动力为农村生活和农业面源污染类和社会经济发展类,其中第1主成分的贡献率是84.389%,农村生活和农业面源污染是水质变化的主要驱动力.     

南海神狐海域天然气水合物地震资料采集脚印分析与压制

在三维地震资料采集中,由于观测系统本身的原因及采集条件等因素在地震数据体上形成了采集脚印,在海域资料中表现为条带状的振幅异常。采集脚印的存在,影响着地震资料的成像质量以及后续的地震反演、属性分析和AVO研究。尤其在水合物地震资料分析中,精确的成像以及可靠的地震反演、地震属性分析关乎精确识别水合物分布。因此本文详细分析了神狐海域地震资料的采集脚印现象并采取了有效的压制技术,为后续通过地震反演、属性分析和AVO反演研究精细刻画、描述构造形态、预测天然气水合物储层分布和预测天然气水合物有利富集区带提供了可靠的地震资料。     

基于生态足迹的西安城市生态游憩空间优化研究

城市生态游憩空间是进行城市生态游憩活动的重要基础,生态游憩空间的合理配置是生态休闲城市建设的重要内容。基于生态足迹理论模型,构建生态压力指数标准,并结合空间叠加分析法分析了西安市市区生态游憩空间的分布现状以及生态足迹、生态承载力、生态盈亏和生态压力情况。结果表明：西安市市区的人均生态赤字达到了1.4136 hm²/人,生态压力指数为13.2,生态环境状况极不安全;并且区域内生态游憩空间布局和当地的生态环境状况相矛盾。针对西安市生态游憩空间目前存在的问题,对生态游憩空间布局进行优化调整,构建西安市生态游憩廊道系统,对西安市未来城市生态文明建设、城市优质生活环境的塑造和生态安全格局的构建具有重要意义。     

Comment on Rust et al.: Human–Carnivore Conflict in Namibia Is Not Simply About Black and White

Carnivore conservationists agree that addressing the socioeconomic needs of people is critical to human-carnivore conflict mitigation. We therefore welcome studies that encompass complex social and cultural factors that affect the severity of human-carnivore conflict on Namibian farmlands. However, we contend that the recent study by Rust et al. (2016 Rust, N. A., J. Tzanopoulos, T. Humle, and D. C. MacMillan. 2016. Why has human–carnivore conflict not been resolved in Namibia? Society &; Natural Resources 29 (9):1079–94. doi:10.1080/08941920.2016.1150544[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) was poorly designed, used inappropriate sampling methods, lacked quantitative information on their qualitative results, and ultimately produced unsupported conclusions about the role of historic apartheid and current racism in exacerbating human-carnivore conflict in Namibia. We outline our concerns regarding the methods used, and demonstrate that the conclusions drawn by Rust et al. were not supported by their data.