地震后机载LiDAR点云的地物区分方法研究

利用机载激光雷达扫描（Light Detection and Ranging,LiDAR）技术所得点云进行震后倒塌建筑物提取时,树木与倒塌建筑物的点云特征十分相似,较难区分。为了快速准确获取震后房屋建筑物的受损情况,本文提出使用回波次数比特征指标,结合前人所提出的点云回波强度、归一化强度、最邻近点高差、法向量夹角、X向坡角和Y向坡角等特征的均值和标准差,利用K-最近邻分类法实现单体地物区分的方法。对2010年海地7.0地震震后机载LiDAR数据进行了地面点去除,分别选取了未倒塌建筑物、倒塌建筑物和树木各50个训练样本和各20个测试样本,计算了各因子的分布及其均值和标准差,在分析的基础上最终选取了可分性较强的8个分类特征,利用K-最近邻分类法对测试样本进行了分类,结果显示分类正确率可达85%以上。研究表明选取多个有效的LiDAR点云分类特征可以较好地区分震后未倒塌建筑物、倒塌建筑物和树木,提高震后建筑物震害程度判定的准确性,为应急救援及时提供较为准确的灾情信息支持。     

采空区地表建筑物基础稳定性的Fuzzy测度分析

根据工程实际,采用Fuzzy数学中的Fuzzy测度理论,视采空区地表所出现的地表下沉（地表垂直移动）这一客观现象为一模糊事件,建立了采空区地表移动变形预测分析的Fuzzy测度理论模型,并将理论分析结果与实测资料进行了对比,二者吻合。因而,利用该模型可对在采空区建设大型建筑物或构筑物的可行性及其基础稳定性进行分析评价是可行的。     

多源影像融合的建筑物三维模型无遮挡纹理自动贴图方法

介绍了倾斜摄影测量在数字城市建设中的应用,针对当前基于倾斜摄影测量的城市三维重建过程中纹理贴图存在遮挡问题,详细探究了纹理遮挡几何原理,并提出联合固定翼飞机高空倾斜摄影及无人机低空倾斜影像,设计了建筑物三维模型无遮挡影像优选算法,实现了高精度无遮挡纹理自动贴图,并通过试验进行了验证。     

辽宁省农村民居防震减灾问题探讨

通过分析辽宁省农村地震灾害形势,结合农村民居抗震性能普查结果,本文着重就减轻农村地震灾害的技术对策作了讨论。认为有效减轻农村地震灾害的对策是：加强地震预测、预报,推广农村民居震害防御实用化技术研究;实施地震安全农居工程建设,加强地震知识,抗震知识宣传;搞好农田基础设施的抗震设防;建立农村民居抗震防灾技术服务网和地震信息网;开展地震保险业务等。     

结合天然地震推导水库地震的建筑物易损性

通过类比的方法,选择有现场调查资料并有建筑物破坏比结果的天然地震,基于地震中建筑物震害表现的一致性,以震级、震源深度和极震区烈度为标准,聚类得到与水库地震震害相似的天然地震震例。考虑到宏观经济水平与地震经济损失已有的统计模型,采用了人口密度、人均GDP和三产比例等3个宏观经济指标来反映不同地区的建筑物总体抗震水平,以加权海明(Hamming)距离来定义已知矩阵与目标矩阵的近似度,最终的加权结果即为待求地区的易损性矩阵。通过实际检验,所得的建筑物易损性关系能够反映水库地震的破坏特点,较中强天然地震的易损性要高。这种工作思路也可以用于水库地震其它方面的研究中     

结构地震行波效应分析综述

从时域和频域两个方面介绍了行波效应下结构地震响应的各种分析方法及各方法的优缺点和适用范围,后对桥梁结构、大跨空间结构、普通建筑结构、大坝结构、地下结构等各类结构体系在行波效应下的结构地震响应特征作了简要总结,阐述了国内外在行波效应研究中已取得的成果和结论,并对未来研究重点问题提出了自己的见解。     

汶川地震Ⅷ度和Ⅶ度区城市房屋震害及若干典型震害讨论

本文介绍了位于Ⅷ度区的江油市和安县、Ⅶ度区的绵阳市和德阳市的房屋建筑破坏概况和典型震害,并给出砖混和底框砖混结构不同等级的破坏比例,进一步讨论了砖混结构水平裂缝、窗下墙交叉裂缝、钢筋混凝土结构强柱弱梁问题、框架结构底层破坏和填充墙作用以及西安地区长周期结构破坏问题,探讨了破坏产生原因,提出相应建议或应进一步研究的问题.     

Seismic upgrading of old masonry buildings by seismic isolation and CFRP laminates: a shaking-table study of reduced scale models

The efficiency of improving the seismic resistance of old masonry buildings by means of seismic isolation and confining the structure with CFRP laminate strips has been investigated. Five models of a simple two-story brick masonry building with wooden floors without wall ties have been tested on the shaking table. The control model has been built directly on the foundation slab. The second model has been separated from it by a damp-proof course in the form of a PVC sheet placed in the bed-joint between the second and the third course, whereas the third model has been isolated by rubber isolators placed between the foundation slab and structural walls. Models four and five have been confined with CFRP laminate strips, simulating the wall ties placed horizontally and vertically at floor levels and corners of the building, respectively. One of the CFRP strengthened models has been placed on seismic isolators. Tests have shown that a simple PVC sheet damp-proof course cannot be considered as seismic isolator unless adequately designed. Tests have also shown that the isolators alone did not prevent the separation of the walls. However, both models confined with CFRP strips exhibited significantly improved seismic behavior. The models did not collapse even when subjected to significantly stronger shaking table motion than that resisted by the control model without wall ties.     

Revision of seismic design codes corresponding to building damagesin the “5.12” Wenchuan earthquake

A large number of buildings were seriously damaged or collapsed in the "5.12" Wenchuan earthquake. Based on field surveys and studies of damage to different types of buildings, seismic design codes have been updated. This paper briefly summarizes some of the major revisions that have been incorporated into the "Standard for classification of seismic protection of building constructions GB50223-2008" and "Code for Seismic Design of Buildings GB50011-2001." The definition of seismic fortification class for buildings has been revisited, and as a result, the seismic classifications for schools, hospitals and other buildings that hold large populations such as evacuation shelters and information centers have been upgraded in the GB50223-2008 Code. The main aspects of the revised GB50011-2001 code include: (a) modification of the seismic intensity specified for the Provinces of Sichuan, Shanxi and Gansu; (b) basic conceptual design for retaining walls and building foundations in mountainous areas; (c) regularity of building configuration; (d) integration of masonry structures and precast RC floors; (e) requirements for calculating and detailing stair shafts; and (f) limiting the use of single-bay RC frame structures. Some significant examples of damage in the epicenter areas are provided as a reference in the discussion on the consequences of collapse, the importance of duplicate structural systems, and the integration of RC and masonry structures.     

黑龙江省农村泥草房抗震性能鉴定与加固措施研究

农村民居地震安全工作是防震减灾事业的重要组成部分之一,直接关系到广大农民的切身利益。本文立足黑龙江省地域特点,结合黑龙江省人民政府《黑龙江省农村民居地震安全工程基础情况调查报告》项目,对黑龙江省农村泥草房的抗震性能进行了抽样调查与结果分析。分析结果表明,农村泥草房抗震性能问题由6类建筑缺陷引起,它们分别是:屋盖负荷过重、结构连接性较差、结构整体性较差、开间和进深不合理、门窗尺寸不合理和隔墙抗剪效果较差。同时,以佳木斯市汤原县草砖房建设为典型案例,对农村泥草房抗震加固措施进行了探讨。最后,就政策引导和专业技术方面提出了抗震加固措施建议。