海冰非均匀条件下大气环流模式和海洋环流模式耦合的实现

通过采用一种较好地考虑了海气通量交换对下垫面特征非线性依赖的通量计算方案,利用较成熟的逐日通量距平耦合方案实现了次网格尺度海冰非均匀条件下一个全球大气环流模式和一个全球海洋环流模式在高纬地区的耦合,并完成了一个50年的长期积分。模拟结果表明,通量计算方案中水道的作用是合理的,耦合模式能较好地模拟出北半球高纬海冰的主要地理分布特征,但夏季北冰洋内部靠近欧亚大陆部分边缘海区海冰密集度偏大。     

Raman spectroscopic study of K-lingunite at various pressures and temperatures

K-lingunite is a high-pressure modification of K-feldspar that possesses the tetragonal hollandite structure. Variations of the Raman spectra of K-lingunite were studied up to ~31.5 GPa at room temperature, and in the range 79–823 K at atmospheric pressure. The Raman frequencies of all bands were observed to increase with increasing pressure, and decrease with increasing temperature for K-lingunite. This behavior is in line with those observed for most of other materials. New sharp Raman bands appear at pressures greater than 13–15 GPa, suggesting a phase transition in K-lingunite with increasing pressure. The transition is reversible when pressure was released. The appearance of these new Raman bands may correspond to the phase transition revealed earlier at around 20 GPa by X-ray diffraction studies. Instead of transforming back to its stable minerals, such as orthoclase, microcline or sanidine, K-lingunite became amorphous in the temperature range 803–823 K at atmospheric pressure.     

The effect of anatase, rutile and sodium titanate on the dissolution of boehmite and gibbsite at 90 °C

Industrial plants that refine bauxite to alumina using the high temperature process have always held the belief that anatase was detrimental to the extraction of boehmite while rutile was not. This study shows that this effect is real and that it is observable at temperatures as low as 90 °C. The extraction of gibbsite is shown to be unaffected which leads us to believe that the kinetics of both the Ti-bearing mineral and the Al-bearing mineral is important in this phenomenon. In addition, it is shown that not only is the presence of anatase an issue in boehmite extraction but so too is the presence of sodium titanate. Rutile was found to have the least impact of the three mineral phases.     

东亚夏季风雨带和西太平洋副高季节变化的耦合特征

利用NCEP／NCAR数据集中1950～1999年4～9月500hPa位势高度和逐日降水率(PRATE)资料，通过奇异值分解，主要探讨了东亚夏季风雨带与西太平洋副高季节移动的耦合关系。分析发现，模态方差的大小只反映模态对整个分析时段和整个分析区域贡献的大小，但对某些时段、某些区域来说，方差较小模态的贡献很大；因而仅以模态方差贡献的大小来判定模态的重要性是不完全的，只有多个模态的配合才能比较全面地揭示两个场的耦合特征。结果表明：东亚夏季风雨带在不同地区的跳跃对应着西太平洋副高的三次突变，不同模态对三次突变有不同的贡献。     

几种电法仪器在地质勘查中的应用

文章介绍了几类物探电法仪器的工作原理、技术特点和适用范围,强调了物探资料的合理解释必须与地质认识相结合的重要性,物探工作要做实做细,对物探原始资料要选择合理的方法与参量进行计算处理,结合一些具体的勘测实例,说明各种方法的有效性及其实际应用效果.     

青藏高原热力异常与华北汛期降水关系的研究

利用1980～1994年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,以及我国336个测站1956～1994年月降水量资料,通过诊断分析和数值实验,研究了夏季高原上热力异常与华北汛期降水的关系.结果表明:华北汛期干旱年,青藏高压及西太平洋副热带高压偏南、偏东,华北汛期降水偏多年则相反;华北汛期旱年时,高原上升、高原东侧邻近地区下沉的垂直环流明显加强,而降水偏多年时,垂直环流减弱,华北地区为上升气流控制;夏季高原为热源和水汽汇区,它们的异常对华北地区降水有很大影响,当热源和水汽汇增强(减弱)时,华北地区降水偏少(偏多).数值试验表明,高原上潜热加热异常引起青藏高压、西太平洋副热带高压、亚洲季风以及欧亚中高纬地区环流的变化,进而影响到华北地区的降水.     

SRES A2 情景下中国区域性高温热浪事件变化特征

随全球变暖,应对高温热浪事件是未来现代化城市面临的难题之一。本文利用全球模式-HadAM3p提供的3组不同边界场和初始场驱动区域气候模式系统PRECIS的输出结果,模拟未来情景下中国区域性高温热浪事件发生频率、强度及持续时间的变化趋势。结果表明：全球PRECIS对基准时段（1961-1990年）的高温热浪事件的发生的频率、强度和持续时间及对应的大气环流特征具有较强的模拟能力。相对于基准时段,未来情景下未来时段（2071-2100年）中国各地区的高温热浪的强度增加,发生频率增幅超过了100 %,且持续时间增加30 %以上。此外,观测资料和模拟结果均表明武汉和哈尔滨地区的高温热浪与500 hPa高度场的正距平密切相关。而未来情景下,武汉和哈尔滨地区500 hPa高度场的正距平呈增加趋势,表明这些地区未来可能面临危害更严重的高温热浪事件。     

The impact of high altitude aircraft on the ozone layer in the stratosphere

The paper discusses the potential effects on the ozone layer of gases released by the engines of proposed high altitude supersonic aircraft. The major problem arises from the emissions of nitrogen oxides which have the potential to destroy significant quantities of ozone in the stratosphere. The magnitude of the perturbation is highly dependent on the cruise altitude of the aircraft. Furthermore, the depletion of ozone is substantially reduced when heterogeneous conversion of nitrogen oxides into nitric acid on sulfate aerosol particles is taken into account in the calculation. The sensitivity of the aerosol load on stratospheric ozone is investigated. First, the model indicates that the aerosol load induced by the SO₂ released by aircraft is increased by about 10–20% above the background aerosols at mid-high latitude of the Northern Hemisphere at 15 km for the NASA emission scenario A (the NASA emission scenarios are explained in Tables I to III). This increase in aerosol has small effects on stratospheric ozone. Second, when the aerosol load is increased following a volcanic eruption similar to the eruption of El Chichon (Mexico, April 1982), the ozone column in spring increases by as much as 9% in response to the injection of NO _x from the aircraft with the NASA emission scenario A. Finally, the modeled suggests that significant ozone depletion could result from the formation of additional polar stratospheric clouds produced by the injection of H₂O and HNO₃ by the aircraft engines.     

有限区域高分辨率模式的改进,发展及试验

对复杂地形条件下嵌套细网和数据模式进行了改进和发展，使之成为水平格距为５０ｋｍ，垂直分层为１１层的高分辨率模式。同时对其物理过程如积云对流参数化、边界层物理等也进行了改进，并将该模式程序优化为能在计算机工作站和微机上进行业务运行的数值预报系统。     

1981和1982年夏半年高原地区低频振荡与南亚高压活动

利用１９８１和１９８２年５—９月欧洲中期数值预报中心（ＥＣＭＷＦ）的１００ｈＰａ高度场客观分析资料，分析了四川盆地典型的“西涝东旱”年（１９８１年）、“西旱东涝”年（１９８２年）５—９月青藏高原地区大气低频振荡特征及其与南亚高压活动的关系。结果表明：青藏高原地区大气低频振荡是显著的，南亚高压活动与此密切相关；１９８１和１９８２年南亚高压活动的低频振荡特征具有明显差异，东西方向基本上呈反位相变化；这些事实对于认识四川盆地夏季旱涝异常有一定意义