Theoretical Derivation of a Peak Particle Velocity–Distance Law for the Prediction of Vibrations from Blasting

I would like to suggest a theoretical justification for the mathematical structure of some laws for predicting the maximum particle velocity vibration from blasting operations in the light of some basic notions of elastic and anelastic wave theory. Within this point of view, in dimensionally correct expressions, the terms pertaining to the rock, to the blast and to the seismic wave become evident and recognisable. A law is presented that can be used to forecast the maximum particle velocity on the basis of some blast design and rock parameters. Four tests of the proposed law performed with real data sets seem to confirm fairly well its reliability.     

The safety distance of a tunnel under-traversing a slope body with a landslide-prone zone

At present, substantial scientific research achievements have been made in the research on landslide occurrence, movement mechanism, mitigation measures, and structural stability during tunnel excavation. However, the interaction mechanism of a tunnel under-traversing a slope body with potential landslides is still not well understood. Based on the field data provided by previous investigations in the study area, six sets of 1:100 laboratory experiment model tests were conducted to study the stability of the landslide-prone zone of the slope body with an under-traversing tunnel. The selected distances between the tunnel and the sliding surface are 1.5, 3, and 5 times of the tunnel diameter, respectively. The experiment results show the interaction between the landslide-prone zone and the tunnel, elucidating the effect of potential landslides during the tunnel excavation process and the reaction of the landslide slip on the tunnel structure. Several conclusions are obtained: ① During the process of tunnel excavation, the vertical displacement of the tunnel vault decreases with the increase of the buried depth. ② The vertical displacement of the sliding surface increases with the increase of the buried depth of the tunnel. The horizontal displacement of sliding surface decreases with the increase of the buried depth. ③ After the occurrence of a rainfall-induced landslide, the vertical displacement of the tunnel vault in the 1.5-diameter-distance case is 57.29% greater than that in the 3.0-dismeter-distance case.④ For a two-cave tunnel, it is suggested that the cave farther from the landslide toe should be firstly excavated since it may generate less structural deformation.     

Dependence of the Characteristics of Solar Wind Discontinuities and Shocks with Heliolatitude and Radial Distance

The distribution of the shocks in the heliosphere and their characteristic variations are investigated using Ulysses observations. The jumps in solar wind velocity, IMF magnitude, and proton density across the shocks and discontinuities are evaluated and used to characterize them. The distribution of these discontinuities with respect to heliolatitude ± 80° and with radial distance 1 to 5 AU are analyzed during solar minimum and solar maximum to understand their global behavior. It is noticed that the jumps in solar wind parameters associated with shocks and discontinuities are more prominent during the second orbit of Ulysses, which coincided with the maximum phase of solar activity.     

岩质滑坡−碎屑流的运动距离计算公式研究

滑坡?碎屑流的远程运动距离是碎屑流体所能够达到的最大堆积距离,是灾害预警和评估的重要指标。通过总结已有碎屑流运动距离研究成果,从岩体势能入手开展研究,并结合量纲分析,首先建立了运动距离与势能之间的基本方程。其后,采用4种颗粒材料开展岩质碎屑流滑槽试验,研究碎屑体体积V、滑移区坡度?、碎屑粒径d以及最大垂直运动距离H等对碎屑流运动距离L的影响,通过逐步拟合回归,建立了基于势能的岩质滑坡?碎屑流最大水平运动距离的计算公式。最后,采用汶川地震触发的38个岩质碎屑流以及17个其他典型岩质滑坡碎屑流数据对计算公式进行了验证,结果表明,考虑该运动距离计算公式具有较好的可靠性,能够为山区滑坡?碎屑流灾害预警工作提供理论指导。     

准饱和多孔介质中圈闭气体对渗透系数的影响

含圈闭气体的地下水流称为准饱和流,准饱和流中的圈闭气体对含水层渗透系数有重大影响。通过柱试验开展了粉砂、细砂、中砂和粗砂4种介质圈闭气体饱和度与准饱和渗透系数关系的研究。结果表明:圈闭气体饱和度明显受介质的粒径影响,在细粒介质中圈闭气体饱和度明显较大;4种介质圈闭气体饱和度在0~15%范围内,准饱和渗透系数与完全饱和相比减少了32.82%~56.38%,且准饱和渗透系数与圈闭气体饱和度之间可表达为一个负线性相关的经验公式;该公式与Faybishenko公式等效,但形式简单,参数较少,使用方便;准饱和渗透系数的变化规律可概化为圈闭气体占据了原有的有效孔隙,造成原有效孔隙度减少,从而使渗透系数减小。利用该理论,Kozeny-Carman方程能较准确地描述准饱和渗透系数的变化规律,而基于哈根-泊肃叶方程的渗透系数公式则存在较大误差,不适用于描述准饱和渗透系数;试验结果证明了室内测定饱和渗透系数时排除圈闭气体的必要性。     

载体桩在陕南粉质黏土地区的适用性研究

以陕南粉质黏土地区某住宅楼施工现场为试验场地,开展了灌注桩和载体桩复合地基的现场静载试验,结合经验法理论计算,从承载力和建设成本两个方面,对比分析了两种地基基础方案的优劣。结果显示:灌注桩和载体桩复合地基荷载-沉降曲线均为缓变型,两种方案均能提供较高的抗压承载力;当载体桩桩长超过10 m,且作为复合地基增强体时,经验法计算过程未考虑桩端阻力的扩大头效益,计算结果明显低于现场试验结果;在相同桩身用料投入条件下,载体桩复合地基较灌注桩能够提供更高承载力。在陕南的类似粉质黏土地区,建议优先考虑选用载体桩复合地基方案。     

基于两种插值算法的三维地质建模对比

三维地质建模过程中,插值算法对模型准确性具有显著影响。为评价不同插值算法对三维建模准确性的影响,本文选取反距离权重插值法和自然邻域插值法开展对比研究。通过理论分析和案例研究,从统计学原理、插值误差和可视化效果等三方面进行了对比分析。结果表明：反距离权重插值法在建模中精度较高,适应面更广。与自然邻域插值法相比,反距离权重插值法更加适用于地层缺失严重的层位,能够更好地保留地层缺失的特征;同时,反距离权重插值法能够更好地处理断层构造,对于地层的错断起伏情况表现效果更好;反距离权重插值法在沉积地层中误差更小,与实际情况更接近。     

大城市制造业企业空间扩张模式及其对企业效率的影响——以北京市上市企业为例

企业空间扩张对企业效率与区域协调发展具有重要意义。论文基于2009—2018年北京市制造业上市企业及其子公司微观数据,通过子公司空间分布变化分析了企业空间扩张模式,并分析了扩张带来的企业总部与子公司之间距离的变化,进一步采用动态面板计量方法,实证检验了总部与子公司之间地理距离与经济距离的变化对不同扩张模式的制造业企业效率的影响。研究发现：① 在样本期内,北京市制造业上市企业扩张规模较大,空间扩张模式由等级扩散转变为等级扩散与接触扩散相结合,且以接触扩散为主;总部与子公司之间的地理距离呈上升趋势,经济距离先下降后上升。其中,技术密集型企业与非国有企业倾向于等级扩散,非技术密集型企业与国有企业倾向于接触扩散。② 对以接触扩散为主要扩张模式的企业来说,总部与子公司之间的地理距离与企业效率负相关,而以等级扩散为主要扩张模式的企业效率受地理距离影响不显著。③ 无论企业扩张模式如何,总部与子公司之间的经济距离均与企业效率正相关。因此,不同类型的制造业企业应选择不同的扩张策略。