The green cover of the earth exhibits various spatial gradients that represent gradual changes in space of vegetation density and/or in species composition. To date, land cover mapping methods differentiate at best, mapping units with different cover densities and/or species compositions, but typically fail to express such differences as gradients. Present interpretation techniques still make insufficient use of freely available spatial-temporal Earth Observation (EO) data that allow detection of existing land cover gradients. This study explores the use of hyper-temporal NDVI imagery to detect and delineate land cover gradients analyzing the temporal behavior of NDVI values. MODIS-Terra MVC-images (250 m, 16-day) of Crete, Greece, from February 2000 to July 2009 are used. The analysis approach uses an ISODATA unsupervised classification in combination with a Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA). Clustering of class-specific temporal NDVI profiles through HCA resulted in the identification of gradients in landcover vegetation growth patterns. The detected gradients were arranged in a relational diagram, and mapped. Three groups of NDVI-classes were evaluated by correlating their class-specific annual average NDVI values with the field data (tree, shrub, grass, bare soil, stone, litter fraction covers). Multiple regression analysis showed that within each NDVI group, the fraction cover data were linearly related with the NDVI data, while NDVI groups were significantly different with respect to tree cover (adj. R2 = 0.96), shrub cover (adj. R2 = 0.83), grass cover (adj. R2 = 0.71), bare soil (adj. R2 = 0.88), stone cover (adj. R2 = 0.83) and litter cover (adj. R2 = 0.69) fractions. Similarly, the mean Sorenson dissimilarity values were found high and significant at confidence interval of 95% in all pairs of three NDVI groups. The study demonstrates that hyper-temporal NDVI imagery can successfully detect and map land cover gradients. The results may improve land cover assessment and aid in agricultural and ecological studies. 相似文献
Book Reviewed in this article: Geographical Aspects of Health and Disease in India. Rais Akhtarand A.T.A. Learmonth, eds. Antarctic Treaty System: An Assessment. Proceedings of a Workshop at Beardmore South Field Camp, Antarctica. American Electoral Mosaics. J. Clark Archerand Fred M. Shelley. Kompas op Suidwes-Afrika/Namibie. W.S. Barnard, ed. Jerusalem in the 19th Century: The Old City. Yehoshua Ben-Arieh. The World as a Total System. Kenneth E. Boulding. A Social History of Housing 1815–1985, Second Ed. John Burnett. Human Migration. W.A.V. Clark. Regional Population Projection Models. Andrei Rogers. The State of Population Theory: Forward from Malthus. David Colemanand Roger Schofield, eds. Imagining Tomorrow: History, Technology and the American Future. Joseph C. Corn, ed. Swidden Agriculture in Indonesia: The Subsistence Strategies of the Kalimantan Kantú. Michael R. Dove. Glacial Geologic Processes. David Drewry. Physics of Desertification. Farouk El-Bazand M.H.A. Hassan, eds. Housing the Homeless. Jon Ericksonand Charles Wilhelm, eds. Settlement Patterns in Missouri: A Study of Population Origins, with a Wall Map. Russel L. Gerlach. Desert Development: Man and Technology in Sparselands. Yehuda Gradus, ed. Nuclear Winter. The Evidence and Risks. Owen Greene, Ian Percivaland Irene Ridge. The Take-off of Suburbia and the Crisis of the Central City. Günter Heinritzand Elisabeth Lichtenberger, eds. Regional Input-Output Analysis. Geoffrey J. D. Hewings. Spatial Transportation Modeling. Christian Werner. The Atlas of Georgia. Thomas W. Hodlerand Howard A. Schretter, eds. Latin America. 5th ed. Preston E. Jamesand C.W. Minkel. Applied Remote Sensing. C.P. Lo. Localities, Class, and Gender. The Lancaster Regionalism Group. Urban Social Movements: The City after Castells. Stuart Lowe. Politics and Method. Doreen Masseyand Richard Meegan, eds. Land Use. A. S. Mather. The Kingdom of Coal. Donald L. Millerand Richard E. Sharpless. The Presidio and Militia on the Northern Frontier of New Spain, A Documentary History, Vol. 1: 1570–1700. Thomas H. Naylorand Charles W. Polzer, S.J., comps. andeds. Nuclear Power: Siting and Safety. Stan Openshaw. The Central African Republic: The Continent's Hidden Heart. Thomas O'Toole. Environmental and Dynamic Geomorphology. Márton Pécsi, ed. Remote Sensing Principles and Interpretation. Floyd F. Sabins, Jr. Acid Rain and Friendly Neighbors: The Policy Dispute between Canada and the United States. Jurgen Schmandtand Hilliard Roderick, eds. Earth's Changing Surface: An Introduction to Geomorphology. M.J. Selby. International Migration: The Female Experience. Rita J. Simonand Caroline B. Brettell, eds. On Geography and Its History. D.R. Stoddart. Transportation Networks: A Quantitative Approach. D. Teodorovic. Processes in Physical Geography. R.D. Thompson, A.M. Mannion, C.W. Mitchell, M. Parry, J.R.G. Townshend. Imaging Radar for Resources Surveys. J.W. Trevett. Dominance and Affection: The Making of Pets. Yi-Fu Tuan. Capturing the Horizon. The Historical Geography of Transportation since the Transportation Revolution of the Sixteenth Century. James E. Vance, Jr. Nations at Risk: The Impact of the Computer Revolution. Edward Yourdon. 相似文献
The design of new map projections has up until now required mathematical and cartographic expertise that has limited this activity to a small group of specialists. This article introduces the background mathematics for a software-based method that enables cartographers to easily design new small-scale world map projections. The software is usable even by those without mathematical expertise. A new projection is designed interactively in an iterative process that allows the designer to graphically and numerically assess the graticule, the representation of the continents, and the distortion properties of the new projection. The method has been implemented in Flex Projector, a free and open-source application enabling users to quickly create new map projections and modify existing projections. We also introduce new tools that help evaluate the distortion properties of projections, namely a configurable acceptance index to assess areal and angular distortion, a derived acceptance visualization, and interactive profiles through the distortion space of a projection. To illustrate the proposed method, a new projection, the Cropped Ginzburg VIII projection, is presented. 相似文献
The Tresca failure criterion is used regularly in geotechnical engineering to compute the failure loads of clay soils deforming under undrained conditions. When this criterion is used together with the finite element method a plastic flow rule must also be incorporated in the elasto-plastic soil model.
The effects of the flow rule on the performance of a non-linear analysis using an elastic perfectly plastic soil model obeying the Tresca failure criteria are discussed in this note. Application of this model in a three-dimensional analysis causes computational difficulties, due to the gradient discontinuities that exist at the corner of the Tresca yield surface. Such discontinuities can be removed from the yield (or failure) surface using different methods. Two of the most widely used methods in removing singularities from the yield surface and their overall performances in a three-dimensional finite element analysis are discussed.
The motivation for this study comes from a concern raised by Randolph and Puzrin [Randolph MF and Puzrin AM Upper bound limit analysis of circular foundations on clay under general loading. Geotechnique, (2003);53(9):785–796, [5]] about reported instances of under predictions of the collapse loads by finite element analysis [Taiebat HA and Carter JP Numerical studies of the bearing capacity of shallow foundations on cohesive soil subjected to combined loading. Geotechnique, (2000);50(4):409–418, [7]] and [Taiebat HA and Carter JP Bearing capacity of strip and circular foundations on undrained clay subjected to eccentric loads. Geotechnique, (2002);52(1):61–64, [8]], [Gourvenec S and Randolph M Effect of strength non-homogeneity on the shape of failure envelopes for combined loading of strip and circular foundations on clay, Geotechnique, (2003);53(6):575–586, [4]], when it is usually expected that finite element results should overestimate the true collapse loads. The intent of this study is to demonstrate and reiterate that although the finite element method is an extremely powerful analytical tool for solution of engineering problems, it is nevertheless subjected to approximation errors due to simplifications that are necessarily made to prevent other numerical difficulties. 相似文献