可持续发展视角下的南海岛礁评估分类

南海岛礁是南海海上合作和海洋治理的重要支点。南海岛礁的可持续发展是实现南海域内协同发展、合作治理的基石。为了多维度诊断南海岛礁可持续发展的现状,辅助岛礁科学规划,提升海洋治理能力,文章基于模糊层次分析法、熵权法与组合求权方法形成主-客观耦合求权的南海岛礁可持续发展评价方法,以永兴岛、赵述岛、南薰礁、美济礁、渚碧礁、永暑礁等南海岛礁为例,探究其可持续发展的潜力。结果表明,6个岛礁的可持续发展价值量排序为：永兴岛＞永暑礁＞美济礁＞渚碧礁＞赵述岛＞南薰礁。6个岛礁均具备可持续发展的潜力,但各个岛礁的发展状态差异很大,各维度的发展程度各不相同。综合评价结果和岛礁实地状况,分析南海岛礁发展的优势领域与薄弱环节,为南海岛礁规划了区域性中心、综合保障、特色产业、国防维权的发展方向。建议永兴岛和永暑礁发展为区域性现代化与智能化的绿色示范岛礁;美济礁发展海洋产业与后勤保障,完善海上交通设施建设,提供国际公共产品与服务;赵述岛与渚碧礁以渔业发展为中心,注重产业结构与布局规划,形成特色产业模式;南薰礁提升安全维护能力,完善岛礁建设,提升国防维权功能。     

Research on Ecological Restoration Technology in Arid or Semi-arid Areas from the Perspective of the Belt and Road Initiative

In the new era of the rapid development of economic globalization and the community of human destiny, the implementation of the “One Belt and One Road” (OBOR) construction model is designed to coordinate environmental protection and economic development. Most of the countries along the Silk Road in the 21st century are developing countries, and the majority of them are facing the same ecological and developmental difficulties as China. In this paper, under the background of the “OBOR” strategy and on the basis of the distribution of global climate types, we selected Central Asia and Northwest China, which have temperate continental climates, as the research objects. We sorted out and summarized the main ecological problems faced by Western China and Central Asia during the development of the “Belt and Road” initiative. At the same time, in combination with the major ecological governance projects implemented in recent years, we proposed key ecological governance technologies that have a certain degree of scalability, such as key technologies for water resource utilization and protection, sand prevention and control, and saline-alkali land governance. The aim was to offer the experiences and a reference for providing technological models for the “one belt along the road” region and the country to build an effective ecological governance system. Two suggestions are then proposed for improving the feasibility and rationality of ecological governance technology in the construction of the “One Belt, One Road”. 1) With the implementation of the strategy of “OBOR” construction, the ecological threats the OBOR countries are facing cannot be ignored. Every country needs to jointly act to build an “OBOR” ecological civilization. 2) The participants must pay attention to the spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of ecological carrying capacity, and provide data reference and support for the reasonable allocation of ecological governance technology.     

中国地壳运动观测网络基准站重力场变化的海潮负荷信号改正问题

利用最新的全球海潮模型（Csr3．0，Fes95．2，Tpxo2和Csr4．0）和原有的Schwiderski海潮模型以及中国近海海潮数据和标准地球模型负荷格林函数，采用直接褶积积分方法研究了中国地壳运动观测网络25个基准站重力固体潮观测中的海潮负荷效应问题，计算了 8个主要潮汐波的负荷振幅和相位，构制了北京和上海等10个台站重力负荷随时间变化函数。     

全球环境变化海岸易损性研究综述

全球变化海岸易损性评估是国际政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）敦促沿海各国应优先开展的一项工作。根据近年来有关海岸易损性的研究成果,可以认为海岸易损性系指海岸带自然、社会经济综合体对全球环境变化和海平面上升的不适应程度。通过阐述IPCC易损性评估的基本方法、内容和目标,指出了海岸易损性评估中存在的问题及改善的方法,最后,结合我国海岸带易损性评估的已有成果,分析了我国海岸易损性评估工作中存在的问题及今后的研究方向。     

地学发展中的辩证思维

简要回顾了地学发展过程中的辩证思维过程，阐述了地学发展中的辩证法，提出了当前地学研究中所面临的困惑以及走出这些困惑的新思路-全球联合反演理论模型。     

Performance of different TEC models to provide GPS ionospheric corrections

The existence of a worldwide international GPS service (IGS) permanent network of dual-frequency receivers makes the computation of global ionospheric maps (GIMs) of total electron content (TEC) feasible. The GIMs computed by the IGS Associate Analysis Centers on a daily basis and by other kinds of forecast GIMs, which can be computed from, for instance, the international reference ionosphere (IRI) model, and the GPS broadcast models in the navigation message, can be applied to a broad diversity of fields, for instance as, navigation and time transfer.In this context, the performance of different kinds of models are presented in order to determine the accuracy of the different GIM. This is carried out by comparison with the TOPEX data that provides an independent and precise (at the level of few TECU) vertical TEC determination over the oceans and seas. Thus, the obtained accuracies, in terms of global relative error, ranging from 54% corresponding to the GPS broadcast model, to about 41% corresponding to IRI climatological model, and to less than 30% corresponding to GPS data driven models.     

对地观测技术最新进展评述

本文概括阐述了航天航空对地观测技术近两年的进展情况.特别重点分析了卫星遥感对地观测的全球变化研究任务、高分辨率卫星的商业化成功经验、机载传感器系统的突破性成就、无人机低空遥感的潜力、全球卫星导航系统面临的竞争局面、地理空间信息产业的宏伟前景等方面的发展形势.并且针对下一步发展中可能出现的问题,提出若干建议意见.     

Theories of practices: Agency, technology, and culture : Exploring the relevance of practice theories for the governance of sustainable consumption practices in the new world-order

Within the environmental social sciences, theories of practices are used by an increasing number of authors to analyze the greening of consumption in the new, global order of reflexive modernity. The use of practices as key methodological units for research and governance is suggested as a way to avoid the pitfalls of the individualist and systemic paradigms that dominated the field of sustainable consumption studies for some decades. With the help of practice theory, environmental governance can be renewed in three particular ways: First, the role and responsibilities (not) to be assigned to individual citizen-consumers in environmental change can be specified. Secondly, objects, technologies and infrastructures can be recognized for their crucial contribution to climate governance without lapsing into technological determinism. Third, the cultural framing of sustainability can be enriched by looking into the forms of excitement generated in shared practices of sustainable consumption. We conclude by discussing the need to investigate the globalization of practices from a post-national perspective in both science and policy.     

Towards understanding governance for sustainable urban water management

Shifting from traditional, large, centralised infrastructure to alternative, distributed technologies is widely accepted as essential for enabling sustainable water management. Despite technical advances in sustainable urban water management over recent decades, the shift from traditional to more sustainable approaches remains slow. Current research on socio-institutional barriers suggests this poor implementation relates to a limited understanding of the different forms of governance needed to support alternative approaches, rather than the potential ineffectiveness of the technologies and practices. While some governance scholars express preferences for ideal hierarchical, market or network governance approaches, others suggest a hybrid of these approaches may be more appropriate for achieving sustainability. Currently, there is limited commentary about the potential characteristics of sustainable urban water governance. To extend the current scholarship, this paper systematically draws on the tacit knowledge of expert sustainability practitioners to identify potential governance characteristics of sustainable urban water management. In comparison with current urban water scholarship, which is supportive of a network governance approach at a conceptual level, the results strongly suggest that sustainability practitioners see the need for hybrid governance arrangements at a practical and operational level. These hybrid arrangements tended to comprise network and hierarchical approaches with market governance instruments. These insights from practitioners to help identify future research needs, focused on examining interaction among governance approaches at a variety of scales and locations.     

WIS的实现技术研究及应用

WIS是世界气象组织（WMO）正在实施和建立的新一代信息系统,是未来支撑WMO所有计划以及其他国际组织有关计划的数据传输和服务平台。WIS由国家中心、数据收集或产品中心和全球信息系统中心（GISC）等三级功能中心组成,其中,GISC是WIS的核心功能中心,承担WMO及有关国际组织各项计划的实时数据和产品的收集分发,提供全部WIS数据的访问接入。中国气象局作为世界气象组织中有重要影响力的会员,建成北京GISC,成为WIS中支撑责任区内及区域间数据交换的核心功能中心之一是中国气象局的既定目标。本文介绍了WIS的功能结构,分析了元数据同步、数据发现、数据同步等WIS/GISC关键功能的实现技术及其在北京GISC系统设计和开发中的应用。